Results for free-probability

Free probability theory computations with random matrices

Voiculescu's free probability theory applied to agent systems — free convolution, semicircle law, Marchenko-Pastur law, R-transform, S-transform, free cumulants, free entropy, and asymptotic freeness for fleet belief matrices

Free probability for agent populations — noncommutative CLT, R-transform, and random matrix limits

Riaktor is a Ruby client and object mapper for Riak (http://riak.basho.com/). It's brand new and probably has bugs, but feel free to try it out.

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Value Value is a library for defining immutable value objects in Ruby. A value object is an object whose equality to other objects is determined by its value, not its identity, think dates and amounts of money. A value object should also be immutable, as you don’t want the date “2013-04-22” itself to change but the current date to change from “2013-04-22” to “2013-04-23”. That is, you don’t want entries in a calendar for 2013-04-22 to move to 2013-04-23 simply because the current date changes from 2013-04-22 to 2013-04-23. A value object consists of one or more attributes stored in instance variables. Value sets up an #initialize method for you that let’s you set these attributes, as, value objects being immutable, this’ll be your only chance to do so. Value also adds equality checks ‹#==› and ‹#eql?› (which are themselves equivalent), a ‹#hash› method, a nice ‹#inspect› method, and a protected attribute reader for each attribute. You may of course add any additional methods that your value object will benefit from. That’s basically all there’s too it. Let’s now look at using the Value library. § Usage You create value object class by invoking ‹#Value› inside the class (module) you wish to make into a value object class. Let’s create a class that represent points on a plane: class Point Value :x, :y end A ‹Point› is thus a value object consisting of two sub-values ‹x› and ‹y› (the coordinates). Just from invoking ‹#Value›, a ‹Point› object will have a constructor that takes two arguments to set instance variables ‹@x› and ‹@y›, equality checks ‹#==› and ‹#eql?› (which are the same), a ‹#hash› method, a nice ‹#inspect› method, and two protected attribute readers ‹#x› and ‹#y›. We can thus already creat ‹Point›s: origo = Point.new(0, 0) The default of making the attribute readers protected is often good practice, but for a ‹Point› it probably makes sense to be able to access its coordinates: class Point public(*attributes) end This’ll make all attributes of ‹Point› public. You can of course choose to only make certain attributes public: class Point public :x end Note that this public is standard Ruby functionality. Adding a method to ‹Point› is of course also possible and very much Rubyish: class Point def distance(other) Math.sqrt((other.x - x)**2 + (other.y - y)**2) end end For some value object classes you might want to support optional attributes. This is done by providing a default value for the attribute, like so: class Money Value :amount, [:currency, :USD] end Here, the ‹currency› attribute will default to ‹:USD›. You can create ‹Money› via dollars = Money.new(2) but also kronor = Money.new(2, :SEK) All required attributes must come before any optional attributes. Splat attributes are also supported: class List Value :'*elements' end empty = List.new suits = List.new(:spades, :hearts, :diamonds, :clubs) Splat attributes are optional. Finally, block attributes are also available: class Block Value :'&block' end block = Block.new{ |e| e * 2 } Block attributes are optional. Comparison beyond ‹#==› is possible by specifingy the ‹:comparable› option to ‹#Value›, listing one or more attributes that should be included in the comparison: class Vector Value :a, :b, :comparable => :a end Note that equality (‹#==› and ‹#eql?›) is always defined based on all attributes, regardless of arguments to ‹:comparable›. Here we say that comparisons between ‹Vector›s should be made between the values of the ‹a› attribute only. We can also make comparisons between all attributes of a value object: class Vector Value :a, :b, :comparable => true end To sum things up, let’s use all possible arguments to ‹#Value› at once: class Method Value :file, :line, [:name, 'unnamed'], :'*args', :'&block', :comparable => [:file, :line] end A ‹Method› consists of file and line information, a possible name, some arguments, possibly a block, and is comparable on the file and line on which they appear. Check out the {full API documentation}¹ for a more explicit description, should you need it or should you want to extend it. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/value/api/ § Financing Currently, most of my time is spent at my day job and in my rather busy private life. Please motivate me to spend time on this piece of software by donating some of your money to this project. Yeah, I realize that requesting money to develop software is a bit, well, capitalistic of me. But please realize that I live in a capitalistic society and I need money to have other people give me the things that I need to continue living under the rules of said society. So, if you feel that this piece of software has helped you out enough to warrant a reward, please PayPal a donation to now@disu.se¹. Thanks! Your support won’t go unnoticed! ¹ Send a donation: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_donations&business=now%40disu%2ese&item_name=Value § Reporting Bugs Please report any bugs that you encounter to the {issue tracker}¹. ¹ See https://github.com/now/value/issues § Authors Nikolai Weibull wrote the code, the tests, the manual pages, and this README. § Licensing Value is free software: you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the {GNU Lesser General Public License, version 3}¹ or later², as published by the {Free Software Foundation}³. ¹ See http://disu.se/licenses/lgpl-3.0/ ² See http://gnu.org/licenses/ ³ See http://fsf.org/

:title: The Ruby API :section: PYAPNS::Client There's python in my ruby! This is a class used to send notifications, provision applications and retrieve feedback using the Apple Push Notification Service. PYAPNS is a multi-application APS provider, meaning it is possible to send notifications to any number of different applications from the same application and same server. It is also possible to scale the client to any number of processes and servers, simply balanced behind a simple web proxy. It may seem like overkill for such a bare interface - after all, the APS service is rather simplistic. However, PYAPNS takes no shortcuts when it comes to completeness/compliance with the APNS protocol and allows the user many optimization and scaling vectors not possible with other libraries. No bandwidth is wasted, connections are persistent and the server is asynchronous therefore notifications are delivered immediately. PYAPNS takes after the design of 3rd party push notification service that charge a fee each time you push a notification, and charge extra for so-called 'premium' service which supposedly gives you quicker access to the APS servers. However, PYAPNS is free, as in beer and offers more scaling opportunities without the financial draw. :section: Provisioning To add your app to the PYAPNS server, it must be `provisioned` at least once. Normally this is done once upon the start-up of your application, be it a web service, desktop application or whatever... It must be done at least once to the server you're connecting to. Multiple instances of PYAPNS will have to have their applications provisioned individually. To provision an application manually use the `PYAPNS::Client#provision` method. require 'pyapns' client = PYAPNS::Client.configure client.provision :app_id => 'cf', :cert => '/home/ss/cert.pem', :env => 'sandbox', :timeout => 15 This basically says "add an app reference named 'cf' to the server and start a connection using the certification, and if it can't within 15 seconds, raise a `PYAPNS::TimeoutException` That's all it takes to get started. Of course, this can be done automatically by using PYAPNS::ClientConfiguration middleware. `PYAPNS::Client` is a singleton class that is configured using the class method `PYAPNS::Client#configure`. It is sensibly configured by default, but can be customized by specifying a hash See the docs on `PYAPNS::ClientConfiguration` for a list of available configuration parameters (some of these are important, and you can specify initial applications) to be configured by default. :section: Sending Notifications Once your client is configured, and application provisioned (again, these should be taken care of before you write notification code) you can begin sending notifications to users. If you're wondering how to acquire a notification token, you've come to the wrong place... I recommend using google. However, if you want to send hundreds of millions of notifications to users, here's how it's done, one at a time... The `PYAPNS::Client#notify` is a sort of polymorphic method which can notify any number of devices at a time. It's basic form is as follows: client.notify 'cf', 'long ass app token', {:aps=> {:alert => 'hello?'}} However, as stated before, it is sort of polymorphic: client.notify 'cf', ['token', 'token2', 'token3'], [alert, alert2, alert3] client.notify :app_id => 'cf', :tokens => 'mah token', :notifications => alertHash client.notify 'cf', 'token', PYAPNS::Notification('hello tits!') As you can see, the method accepts paralell arrays of tokens and notifications meaning any number of notifications can be sent at once. Hashes will be automatically converted to `PYAPNS::Notification` objects so they can be optimized for the wire (nil values removed, etc...), and you can pass `PYAPNS::Notification` objects directly if you wish. :section: Retrieving Feedback The APS service offers a feedback functionality that allows application servers to retrieve a list of device tokens it deems to be no longer in use, and the time it thinks they stopped being useful (the user uninstalled your app, better luck next time...) Sounds pretty straight forward, and it is. Apple recommends you do this at least once an hour. PYAPNS will return a list of 2-element lists with the date and the token: feedbacks = client.feedback 'cf' :section: Asynchronous Calls PYAPNS::Client will, by default, perform no funny stuff and operate entirely within the calling thread. This means that certain applications may hang when, say, sending a notification, if only for a fraction of a second. Obviously not a desirable trait, all `provision`, `feedback` and `notify` methods also take a block, which indicates to the method you want to call PYAPNS asynchronously, and it will be done so handily in another thread, calling back your block with a single argument when finished. Note that `notify` and `provision` return absolutely nothing (nil, for you rub--wait you are ruby developers!). It is probably wise to always use this form of operation so your calling thread is never blocked (especially important in UI-driven apps and asynchronous servers) Just pass a block to provision/notify/feedback like so: PYAPNS::Client.instance.feedback do |feedbacks| feedbacks.each { |f| trim_token f } end :section: PYAPNS::ClientConfiguration A middleware class to make `PYAPNS::Client` easy to use in web contexts Automates configuration of the client in Rack environments using a simple confiuration middleware. To use `PYAPNS::Client` in Rack environments with the least code possible `use PYAPNS::ClientConfiguration` (no, really, in some cases, that's all you need!) middleware with an optional hash specifying the client variables. Options are as follows: use PYAPNS::ClientConfiguration( :host => 'http://localhost/' :port => 7077, :initial => [{ :app_id => 'myapp', :cert => '/home/myuser/apps/myapp/cert.pem', :env => 'sandbox', :timeout => 15 }]) Where the configuration variables are defined: :host String the host where the server can be found :port Number the port to which the client should connect :initial Array OPTIONAL - an array of INITIAL hashes INITIAL HASHES: :app_id String the id used to send messages with this certification can be a totally arbitrary value :cert String a path to the certification or the certification file as a string :env String the environment to connect to apple with, always either 'sandbox' or 'production' :timoeut Number The timeout for the server to use when connecting to the apple servers :section: PYAPNS::Notification An APNS Notification You can construct notification objects ahead of time by using this class. However unnecessary, it allows you to programmatically generate a Notification like so: note = PYAPNS::Notification.new 'alert text', 9, 'flynn.caf', {:extra => 'guid'} -- or -- note = PYAPNS::Notification.new 'alert text' These can be passed to `PYAPNS::Client#notify` the same as hashes

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