SAI Manager
TypeScript scope analyser for ESLint
Package manager detector
AWS SDK for JavaScript Secrets Manager Client for Node.js, Browser and React Native
AWS SDK for JavaScript Ssm Client for Node.js, Browser and React Native
A library for installing and finding packages in a project
Include Flmngr file manager server-side into your Express app or website
Flmngr file manager UI component for React
Google Tag Manager (gtm.js) plugin for Docusaurus.
File manager plugin for CKEditor 5
Cache Manager for Node.js
A selenium server and browser driver manager for your end to end tests.
Secrets client for Node.js
a package manager for JavaScript
Node server-side implementation of Flmngr file manager
Detect which package manager you're using (yarn or npm)
Auto-reconnect and round robin support for amqplib.
Session management for TMCP (TypeScript Model Context Protocol) transport implementations. This package provides the base classes and in-memory implementations for both streaming session coordination and session metadata persistence.
Storybook framework-agnostic API
A fully-featured and blazing-fast JavaScript API client to interact with Algolia API.
Internal utilities intended to be used by other modules implementing Solid Application Interoperability specification
Cloud Resource Manager Client Library for Node.js
Redis store for node-cache-manager
Flmngr file manager (Local disk / Amazon S3 / Azure Blob) for Angular
A tool for managing and saying bye to todos
Sai (彩) - meaning 'coloring' or 'paint' in Japanese - is a powerful and intuitive system for managing color output in command-line applications. Drawing inspiration from traditional Japanese artistic techniques, Sai brings vibrancy and harmony to terminal interfaces through its sophisticated color management. Sai empowers developers to create beautiful, colorful CLI applications that maintain visual consistency across different terminal capabilities. Like its artistic namesake, it combines simplicity and sophistication to bring rich, adaptive color to your terminal interfaces.
Sai-Mei (彩名) - combining Sai's color management with the on'yomi reading for 'name' - provides a comprehensive collection of named colors extending the Sai color management system. Drawing inspiration from traditional color vocabularies, Sai-Mei brings rich, curated color palettes to terminal interfaces. Sai-Mei empowers developers to selectively incorporate sophisticated color collections into their CLI applications. Like its parent gem Sai, it combines precision with flexibility, allowing developers to organize and utilize color palettes with fine-grained control.
Provides an SCM agnostic way to manage subprojects with a workflow similar to the scm:externals feature of subversion. It's particularly useful for rails projects that have some plugins managed by svn and some managed by git. For example, "ext install git://github.com/rails/rails.git" from within a rails application directory will realize that this belongs in the vendor/rails folder. It will also realize that this URL is a git repository and clone it into that folder. It will also add the vendor/rails folder to the ignore feature for the SCM of the main project. Let's say that the main project is being managed by subversion. In that case it adds "rails" to the svn:ignore property of the vendor folder. It also adds the URL to the .externals file so that when this project is checked out via "ext checkout" it knows where to fetch the subprojects. There are several other useful commands, such as init, touch_emptydirs, add_all, export, status. There's a tutorial at http://nopugs.com/ext-tutorial The reason I made this project is that I was frustrated by two things: 1. In my opinion, the workflow for svn:externals is far superior to git-submodule. 2. Even if git-submodule was as useful as svn:externals, I would still like a uniform way to fetch all of the subprojects regardless of the SCM used to manage the main project.
The Promotion tool is designed to make it easy and quick to deploy an application into production. Originally built for use with OpenBSD, it can be used on an *nix system by adjusting a few paths (in config.rb). To deploy or install an application you just need to copy a few files into place, right? Well, the folders need to be there first of course, oh and the permissions need to be set, and I guess we need the right users set up before file ownerships can be set correctly, which means we need groups before that ... ok, so there is more to it than copying a few files. There are also system-wide settings that may need to be modified to support an application, such as environment variables in /etc/profile, /etc/sudoers, startup scripts in /etc/rc.conf.local, and /var/cron/tabs/* cron jobs. Promotion does not modify these sensitive files, but it does say how to change them. Promotion handles all of this based on an XML deployment descriptor for each application, allowing rapid, reliable redeployment with a single line command (promote). It also manages database schema migration with the evolve/devolve commands.
uh ok so roast beef is some kind of package manager that is for bleeding-edge programs. so basically it does not have its own repositories. instead it just will download source from the upstream repository and will do all the necessary steps to install . you get things that are as fresh as possible. i am talking about really fresh like your eggs and milk. roast beef saves you from having to look up the repository locations for all the stuff you want to build from source. it also abstracts away the differences in build processes. say you want the latest version of such a package as gnu emacs. so you grab the source but you know emacs is a little different from other packages and requires "make bootstrap" in between the configure and make step. with roastbeef all the complexity of such things is hidden from you. and if you have a lot of stuff built from source you can keep them all up to date with a single command. the motivations behind this are made more clear in a blog post: http://technomancy.us/106 == man why you even got to do a thing
# Dotbot: A Cute Lil' Dotfiles Manager I made a simple little dotfiles manager because I got tired of creating symlinks all the time. ## Installation You can install `dotbot` via the `gem` command: $ gem install dotbot Once you have it installed, either create a `~/.dotbot` file (YAML) with the following contents. ``` dir: ~/.dotfiles # or whatever your preferred location is ``` Optionally, instead of a .dotbot file, you can use environment variables, each of the pattern DOTBOT_<var>. For instance, you could execute some commands by saying $ DOTBOT_DIR=~/shnargleflorp dotbot update More commands and options to come later. ## Usage ### Track a New File $ dotbot track <filename> [--git] This command adds the file to your dotfiles repo and creates a symlink in the file's old location so it will stay updated. Use the `--git` flag to also add/commit/push to your remote dotfiles repo. ### Update Your Dotfiles $ dotbot update This command is pretty much just a `git pull` in your dotfiles repo. ## Development After checking out the repo, run `bin/setup` to install dependencies. You can also run `bin/console` for an interactive prompt that will allow you to experiment. To install this gem onto your local machine, run `bundle exec rake install`. To release a new version, update the version number in `version.rb`, and then run `bundle exec rake release`, which will create a git tag for the version, push git commits and tags, and push the `.gem` file to [rubygems.org](https://rubygems.org). ## Contributing Bug reports and pull requests are welcome on GitHub at https://github.com/[USERNAME]/dotbot-mini. This project is intended to be a safe, welcoming space for collaboration, and contributors are expected to adhere to the [Contributor Covenant](http://contributor-covenant.org) code of conduct. ## License The gem is available as open source under the terms of the [MIT License](https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT). ## Code of Conduct Everyone interacting in the Dotbot::Mini project’s codebases, issue trackers, chat rooms and mailing lists is expected to follow the [code of conduct](https://github.com/rpalo/dotbot/blob/master/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md).
The affixapi.com API documentation. # Introduction Affix API is an OAuth 2.1 application that allows developers to access customer data, without developers needing to manage or maintain integrations; or collect login credentials or API keys from users for these third party systems. # OAuth 2.1 Affix API follows the [OAuth 2.1 spec](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-oauth-v2-1-08). As an OAuth application, Affix API handles not only both the collection of sensitive user credentials or API keys, but also builds and maintains the integrations with the providers, so you don't have to. # How to obtain an access token in order to get started, you must: - register a `client_id` - direct your user to the sign in flow (`https://connect.affixapi.com` [with the appropriate query parameters](https://github.com/affixapi/starter-kit/tree/master/connect)) - capture `authorization_code` we will send to your redirect URI after the sign in flow is complete and exchange that `authorization_code` for a Bearer token # Sandbox keys (developer mode) ### dev ``` eyJhbGciOiJFUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6Ims5RmxwSFR1YklmZWNsUU5QRVZzeFcxazFZZ0Zfbk1BWllOSGVuOFQxdGciLCJ0eXAiOiJKV1MifQ.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.VLWYjCQvBS0C3ZA6_J3-U-idZj5EYI2IlDdTjAWBxSIHGufp6cqaVodKsF2BeIqcIeB3P0lW-KL9mY3xGd7ckQ ``` #### `employees` endpoint sample: ``` curl --fail \ -X GET \ -H 'Authorization: Bearer eyJhbGciOiJFUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6Ims5RmxwSFR1YklmZWNsUU5QRVZzeFcxazFZZ0Zfbk1BWllOSGVuOFQxdGciLCJ0eXAiOiJKV1MifQ.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.VLWYjCQvBS0C3ZA6_J3-U-idZj5EYI2IlDdTjAWBxSIHGufp6cqaVodKsF2BeIqcIeB3P0lW-KL9mY3xGd7ckQ' \ 'https://dev.api.affixapi.com/2023-03-01/developer/employees' ``` ### prod ``` eyJhbGciOiJFUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6Ims5RmxwSFR1YklmZWNsUU5QRVZzeFcxazFZZ0Zfbk1BWllOSGVuOFQxdGciLCJ0eXAiOiJKV1MifQ.eyJwcm92aWRlciI6InNhbmRib3giLCJzY29wZXMiOlsiLzIwMjMtMDMtMDEvZGV2ZWxvcGVyL2NvbXBhbnkiLCIvMjAyMy0wMy0wMS9kZXZlbG9wZXIvZW1wbG95ZWUiLCIvMjAyMy0wMy0wMS9kZXZlbG9wZXIvZW1wbG95ZWVzIiwiLzIwMjMtMDMtMDEvZGV2ZWxvcGVyL2lkZW50aXR5IiwiLzIwMjMtMDMtMDEvZGV2ZWxvcGVyL3BheXJ1bnMiLCIvMjAyMy0wMy0wMS9kZXZlbG9wZXIvcGF5cnVucy86cGF5cnVuX2lkIiwiLzIwMjMtMDMtMDEvZGV2ZWxvcGVyL3RpbWUtb2ZmLWJhbGFuY2VzIiwiLzIwMjMtMDMtMDEvZGV2ZWxvcGVyL3RpbWUtb2ZmLWVudHJpZXMiLCIvMjAyMy0wMy0wMS9kZXZlbG9wZXIvdGltZXNoZWV0cyJdLCJ0b2tlbiI6IjI5YjFjYTg4LWNlNjktNDgyZC1iNGZjLTkzMWMzZmJkYWM4ZSIsImlhdCI6MTcwMjkyMTA4MywiaXNzIjoicHVibGljYXBpLWludGVybWVkaWF0ZS5wcm9kLmVuZ2luZWVyaW5nLmFmZml4YXBpLmNvbSIsInN1YiI6ImRldmVsb3BlciIsImF1ZCI6IjA4QkIwODFFLUQ5QUI0RDE0LThERjk5MjMzLTY2NjE1Q0U5In0.2zdpFAmiyYiYk6MOcbXNUwwR4M1Fextnaac340x54AidiWXCyw-u9KeavbqfYF6q8a9kcDLrxhJ8Wc_3tIzuVw ``` #### `employees` endpoint sample: ``` curl --fail \ -X GET \ -H 'Authorization: Bearer eyJhbGciOiJFUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6Ims5RmxwSFR1YklmZWNsUU5QRVZzeFcxazFZZ0Zfbk1BWllOSGVuOFQxdGciLCJ0eXAiOiJKV1MifQ.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.2zdpFAmiyYiYk6MOcbXNUwwR4M1Fextnaac340x54AidiWXCyw-u9KeavbqfYF6q8a9kcDLrxhJ8Wc_3tIzuVw' \ 'https://api.affixapi.com/2023-03-01/developer/employees' ``` # Webhooks An exciting feature for HR/Payroll modes are webhooks. If enabled, your `webhook_uri` is set on your `client_id` for the respective environment: `dev | prod` Webhooks are configured to make live requests to the underlying integration 1x/hr, and if a difference is detected since the last request, we will send a request to your `webhook_uri` with this shape: ``` { added: <api.v20230301.Employees>[ <api.v20230301.Employee>{ ..., date_of_birth: '2010-08-06', display_full_name: 'Daija Rogahn', employee_number: '57993', employment_status: 'pending', employment_type: 'other', employments: [ { currency: 'eur', effective_date: '2022-02-25', employment_type: 'other', job_title: 'Dynamic Implementation Manager', pay_frequency: 'semimonthly', pay_period: 'YEAR', pay_rate: 96000, }, ], first_name: 'Daija', ... } ], removed: [], updated: [ <api.v20230301.Employee>{ ..., date_of_birth: '2009-11-09', display_full_name: 'Lourdes Stiedemann', employee_number: '63189', employment_status: 'leave', employment_type: 'full_time', employments: [ { currency: 'gbp', effective_date: '2023-01-16', employment_type: 'full_time', job_title: 'Forward Brand Planner', pay_frequency: 'semimonthly', pay_period: 'YEAR', pay_rate: 86000, }, ], first_name: 'Lourdes', } ] } ``` the following headers will be sent with webhook requests: ``` x-affix-api-signature: ab8474e609db95d5df3adc39ea3add7a7544bd215c5c520a30a650ae93a2fba7 x-affix-api-origin: webhooks-employees-webhook user-agent: affixapi.com ``` Before trusting the payload, you should sign the payload and verify the signature matches the signature sent by the `affixapi.com` service. This secures that the data sent to your `webhook_uri` is from the `affixapi.com` server. The signature is created by combining the signing secret (your `client_secret`) with the body of the request sent using a standard HMAC-SHA256 keyed hash. The signature can be created via: - create an `HMAC` with your `client_secret` - update the `HMAC` with the payload - get the hex digest -> this is the signature Sample `typescript` code that follows this recipe: ``` import { createHmac } from 'crypto'; export const computeSignature = ({ str, signingSecret, }: { signingSecret: string; str: string; }): string => { const hmac = createHmac('sha256', signingSecret); hmac.update(str); const signature = hmac.digest('hex'); return signature; }; ``` ## Rate limits Open endpoints (not gated by an API key) (applied at endpoint level): - 15 requests every 1 minute (by IP address) - 25 requests every 5 minutes (by IP address) Gated endpoints (require an API key) (applied at endpoint level): - 40 requests every 1 minute (by IP address) - 40 requests every 5 minutes (by `client_id`) Things to keep in mind: - Open endpoints (not gated by an API key) will likely be called by your users, not you, so rate limits generally would not apply to you. - As a developer, rate limits are applied at the endpoint granularity. - For example, say the rate limits below are 10 requests per minute by ip. from that same ip, within 1 minute, you get: - 10 requests per minute on `/orders`, - another 10 requests per minute on `/items`, - and another 10 requests per minute on `/identity`, - for a total of 30 requests per minute.
Contentful API wrapper library exposing an ActiveRecord-like interface
== What's this? {ComicFury}[https://comicfury.com] is an excellent no-bullshit webcomic hosting site created and maintained by the legend Kyo. You should support them on {Patreon}[https://www.patreon.com/comicfury]! {Jekyll}[https://jekyllrb.com] is a highly regarded and widespread static site generator. It builds simple slowly-changing content into HTML files using templates. RageRender allows you to use your ComicFury templates to generate a static version of your webcomic site using Jekyll. You just supply your templates, comics and blogs, and RageRender will output a site that mimics your ComicFury site. Well, I say "mimics". Output is a static site, which means all of the interactive elements of ComicFury don't work. This includes comments, subscriptions, search, and comic management. === But why?! RageRender allows those of us who work on making changes to ComicFury site templates to test our changes before we put them live. With RageRender, you can edit your CSS, HTML templates and site settings before you upload them to ComicFury. This makes the process of testing changes quicker and makes it much more likely that you catch mistakes before any comic readers have a chance to see them. RageRender doesn't compete with the most excellent ComicFury (who's Patreon you should contribute to, as I do!) – you should continue to use ComicFury for all your day-to-day artistic rage management needs. But if you find yourself making changes to a site design, RageRender may be able to help you. == Getting started First, you need to have {Ruby}[https://www.ruby-lang.org/] and {Bundler}[https://bundle.io/] installed. The Jekyll site has {good guides on how to do that}[https://jekyllrb.com/docs/installation/] depending on your operating system. To set up a new site, open a terminal and type: mkdir mycomic && cd mycomic bundle init bundle add jekyll bundle add ragerender --group=jekyll_plugins Now you can add comics! Add the image into an <tt>images</tt> folder: mkdir images cp 'cool comic.jpg' 'images/My first page.jpg' The file name of the image will be the title of your comic page. And that's it, you added your first comic! If you want to add an author note, create a text file in a folder called <tt>_comics</tt> that has the same file name, but with a <tt>.txt</tt> extension: mkdir _comics echo "Check out my cool comic y'all!" > '_comics/My first page.txt' Or use HTML: echo "This is my <strong>first</strong> page!" > '_comics/My first page.html' Generate the site using: bundle exec jekyll build Or start a local website to see it in your browser: bundle exec jekyll serve # Now visit http://localhost:4000! === Customising your site You'll notice a few things that might be off about your site, including that the webcomic title and author name are probably not what you were expecting. You can create a configuration file to tell RageRender the important details. Put something like this in your webcomic folder and call it <tt>_config.yml</tt>: title: "My awesome webcomic!" slogan: "It's the best!" description: > My epic story about how him and her fell into a romantic polycule with they and them status: active genres: - Comedy - Romance defaults: - scope: path: '' values: author: "John smith" theme: ragerender Your webcomic now has its basic information set up. === Adding your layouts If you want to use your own layout code, then create a <tt>_layouts</tt> directory and put the contents of each of your ComicFury layout tabs in there, and then put your CSS in the main folder. The easiest way is to go to your Webcomic Management, click "Edit Layout", then in the box labelled "Useful", click "Download Layout Backup". Pass this file to RageRender, which will <tt>unpack</tt> it for you: bundle exec jekyll unpack mycomic-2025-09-13.cflxml You should end up with a full set of files like: _layouts archive.html blog-archive.html blog-display.html comic-page.html error-page.html overall.html overview.html search.html layout.css Now when you build your site, your custom templates and styles will be used instead. === Adding blogs Add your blogs into a folder called <tt>_posts</tt>: cat _posts/2025-05-29-my-new-comic.md Hey guys, welcome to my new comic! It's gonna be so sick! Note that the name of your blog post has to include the date and the title, or it'll be ignored. === Customising comics and blogs You can add {Front Matter}[https://jekyllrb.com/docs/front-matter/] to set the details of your author notes and blogs manually: --- title: "spooky comic page" date: "2025-03-05 16:20" image: "images/ghost.png" author: "Jane doe" description: "Some spooky mouseover text" keywords: [excellent, comic page, spooky] custom: # use yes and no for tickbox settings spooky: yes # use text in quotes for short texts mantra: "live long and prosper" # use indented text for long texts haiku: > Testing webcomics Now easier than ever Thanks to RageRender transcript: > The transcript contains a machine-readable version of all the text in your comic image. comments: - author: "Skippy" date: "13 Mar 2025, 3.45 PM" comment: "Wow this is so sick!" --- Your author note still goes at the end, like this! === Adding extra pages You can add extra pages just by adding new HTML files to your webcomic folder. The name of the file becomes the URL that it will use. Pages by default won't be embedded into your 'Overall' layout. You can change that and more with optional Front Matter: --- # Include this line to set the page title title: "Bonus content" # Include this line to hide the page from the navigation menu hidden: yes # Include this line to embed this page in the overall layout layout: Overall --- <h1>yo check out my bonus content!</h1> === Controlling the front page As on ComicFury you have a few options for setting the front page of you site. You control this by setting a <tt>frontpage</tt> key in your site config. - <tt>latest</tt> will display the latest comic (also the default) - <tt>first</tt> will display the first comic - <tt>chapter</tt> will display the first comic in the latest chapter - <tt>blog</tt> will display the list of blog posts - <tt>archive</tt> will display the comic archive - <tt>overview</tt> will display the comic overview (blogs and latest page) - anything else will display the extra page that has the matching <tt>slug</tt> in its Front Matter === Comics with custom HTML code You can use custom HTML code in place of an image for your comic page. Instead of creating an image, just create an HTML file in your <tt>images</tt> folder: cat '<video src="/files/my-animation.webm"></video>" > images/1.html === Multi-image comics You can add up to 12 images to each comic page on ComicFury. To do that in RageRender, add each image to an <tt>images</tt> key in your comic page: --- title: "Comic with many pages" date: "2026-04-20 16:20" images: - /images/first.png - /images/second.png - /images/third.png --- === Testing search pages Live search does not work in RageRender, as your site is statically built and can't respond to new data from the browser. However, you can simulate a search when you build the site to help test search results designs. To do that, add a `searchterm` to the search page using defaults in your `_config.yml`: defaults: - scope: path: '' layout: search values: searchterm: "my character" The search that gets performed will be somewhat similar to how ComicFury will search your comic, but may not be exactly the same. === Putting changes on ComicFury Once you're done making changes, you can <tt>pack</tt> your layout: bundle exec jekyll pack The resulting file can be uploaded to ComicFury by going to your Webcomic Management, clicking "Edit Layout", then in the box labelled "Useful", click "Restore Layout Backup". === Stuff that doesn't work Here is a probably incomplete list of things you can expect to be different about your local site compared to ComicFury: - Any comments you specify in Front Matter will be present, but you can't add new ones - Search doesn't do anything at all - Saving and loading your place in the comic isn't implemented - GET and POST variables in templates are ignored and will always be blank - Random numbers in templates will be random only once per site build, not once per page call == Without Jekyll RageRender can also be used without Jekyll to turn ComicFury templates into templates in other languages. E.g: gem install ragerender echo "[c:iscomicpage]<div>[f:js|v:comictitle]</div>[/]" > template.html ruby $(gem which ragerender/to_liquid) template.html # {% if iscomicpage %}<div>{{ comictitle | escape }}</div>{% endif %} ruby $(gem which ragerender/to_erb) template.html # <% if iscomicpage %><div><%= js(comictitle) %></div><% end %> You still need to pass the correct variables to these templates; browse {this unofficial documentation}[https://github.com/heyeinin/comicfury-documentation] or RageRender::ComicDrop etc. to see which variables work on which templates. == Get help That's not a proclamation but an invitation! Reach out if you're having trouble by {raising an issue}[https://github.com/simonwo/ragerender/issues] or posting in the ComicFury forums.
Ame Ame provides a simple command-line interface API for Ruby¹. It can be used to provide both simple interfaces like that of ‹rm›² and complex ones like that of ‹git›³. It uses Ruby’s own classes, methods, and argument lists to provide an interface that is both simple to use from the command-line side and from the Ruby side. The provided command-line interface is flexible and follows commond standards for command-line processing. ¹ See http://ruby-lang.org/ ² See http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/rm.html ³ See http://git-scm.com/docs/ § Usage Let’s begin by looking at two examples, one where we mimic the POSIX¹ command-line interface to the ‹rm› command. Looking at the entry² in the standard, ‹rm› takes the following options: = -f. = Do not prompt for confirmation. = -i. = Prompt for confirmation. = -R. = Remove file hierarchies. = -r. = Equivalent to /-r/. It also takes the following arguments: = FILE. = A pathname or directory entry to be removed. And actually allows one or more of these /FILE/ arguments to be given. We also note that the ‹rm› command is described as a command to “remove directory entries”. ¹ See http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/contents.html ² See http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/rm.html Let’s turn this specification into one using Ame’s API. We begin by adding a flag for each of the options listed above: class Rm < Ame::Root flag 'f', '', false, 'Do not prompt for confirmation' flag 'i', '', nil, 'Prompt for confirmation' do |options| options['f'] = false end flag 'R', '', false, 'Remove file hierarchies' flag 'r', '', nil, 'Equivalent to -R' do |options| options['r'] = true end A flag¹ is a boolean option that doesn’t take an argument. Each flag gets a short and long name, where an empty name means that there’s no corresponding short or long name for the flag, a default value (true, false, or nil), and a description of what the flag does. Each flag can also optionally take a block that can do further processing. In this case we use this block to modify the Hash that maps option names to their values passed to the block to set other flags’ values than the ones that the block is associated with. As these flags (‘i’ and ‘r’) aren’t themselves of interest, their default values have been set to nil, which means that they won’t be included in the Hash that maps option names to their values when passed to the method. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#flag-class-method There are quite a few other kinds of options besides flags that can be defined using Ame, but flags are all that are required for this example. We’ll get to the other kinds in later examples. Next we add a “splus” argument. splus 'FILE', String, 'File to remove' A splus¹ argument is like a Ruby “splat”, that is, an Array argument at the end of the argument list to a method preceded by a star, except that a splus requires at least one argument. A splus argument gets a name for the argument (‹FILE›), the type of argument it represents (String), and a description. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#splus-class-method Then we add a description of the command (method) itself: description 'Remove directory entries' Descriptions¹ will be used in help output to assist the user in using the command. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#description-class-method Finally, we add the Ruby method that’ll implement the command (all preceding code included here for completeness): class Rm < Ame::Root version '1.0.0' flag 'f', '', false, 'Do not prompt for confirmation' flag 'i', '', nil, 'Prompt for confirmation' do |options| options['f'] = false end flag 'R', '', false, 'Remove file hierarchies' flag 'r', '', nil, 'Equivalent to -R' do |options| options['r'] = true end splus 'FILE', String, 'File to remove' description 'Remove directory entries' def rm(files, options = {}) require 'fileutils' FileUtils.send options['R'] ? :rm_r : :rm, [first] + rest, :force => options['f'] end end Actually, another bit of code was also added, namely version '1.0.0' This sets the version¹ String of the command. This information is used when the command is invoked with the “‹--version›” flag. This flag is automatically added, so you don’t need to add it yourself. Another flag, “‹--help›”, is also added automatically. When given, this flag’ll make Ame output usage information of the command. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#version-class-method To actually run the command, all you need to do is invoke Rm.process This’ll invoke the command using the command-line arguments stored in ‹ARGV›, but you can also specify other ones if you want to: Rm.process 'rm', %w[-r /tmp/*] The first argument to #process¹ is the name of the method to invoke, which defaults to ‹File.basename($0)›, and the second argument is an Array of Strings that should be processed as command-line arguments passed to the command. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#process-class-method If you’d store the complete ‹Rm› class defined above in a file called ‹rm› and add ‹#! /usr/bin/ruby -w› at the beginning and ‹Rm.process› at the end, you’d have a fully functional ‹rm› command (after making it executable). Let’s see it in action: % rm --help Usage: rm [OPTIONS]... FILE... Remove directory entries Arguments: FILE... File to remove Options: -R Remove file hierarchies -f Do not prompt for confirmation --help Display help for this method -i Prompt for confirmation -r Equivalent to -R --version Display version information % rm --version rm 1.0.0 Some commands are more complex than ‹rm›. For example, ‹git›¹ has a rather complex command-line interface. We won’t mimic it all here, but let’s introduce the rest of the Ame API using a fake ‹git› clone as an example. ¹ See http://git-scm.com/docs/ ‹Git› uses sub-commands to achieve most things. Implementing sub-commands with Ame is done using a “dispatch”. We’ll discuss dispatches in more detail later, but suffice it to say that a dispatch delegates processing to a child class that’ll handle the sub-command in question. We begin by defining our main ‹git› command using a class called ‹Git› under the ‹Git::CLI› namespace: module Git end class Git::CLI < Ame::Root version '1.0.0' class Git < Ame::Class description 'The stupid content tracker' def initialize; end We’re setting things up to use the ‹Git› class as a dispatch in the ‹Git::CLI› class. The description on the ‹initialize› method will be used as a description of the ‹git› dispatch command itself. Next, let’s add the ‹format-patch›¹ sub-command: description 'Prepare patches for e-mail submission' flag ?n, 'numbered', false, 'Name output in [PATCH n/m] format' flag ?N, 'no-numbered', nil, 'Name output in [PATCH] format' do |options| options['numbered'] = false end toggle ?s, 'signoff', false, 'Add Signed-off-by: line to the commit message' switch '', 'thread', 'STYLE', nil, Ame::Types::Enumeration[:shallow, :deep], 'Controls addition of In-Reply-To and References headers' flag '', 'no-thread', nil, 'Disables addition of In-Reply-To and Reference headers' do |options, _| options.delete 'thread' end option '', 'start-number', 'N', 1, 'Start numbering the patches at N instead of 1' multioption '', 'to', 'ADDRESS', String, 'Add a To: header to the email headers' optional 'SINCE', 'N/A', 'Generate patches for commits after SINCE' def format_patch(since = '', options = {}) p since, options end ¹ See http://git-scm.com/docs/git-format-patch/ We’re using quite a few new Ame commands here. Let’s look at each in turn: toggle ?s, 'signoff', false, 'Add Signed-off-by: line to the commit message' A “toggle”¹ is a flag that also has an inverse. Beyond the flags ‘s’ and “signoff”, the toggle also defines “no-signoff”, which will set “signoff” to false. This is useful if you want to support configuration files that set “signoff”’s default to true, but still allow it to be overridden on the command line. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#toggle-class-method When using the short form of a toggle (and flag and switch), multiple ones may be juxtaposed after the initial one. For example, “‹-sn›” is equivalent to “‹-s -n›” to “git format-patch›”. switch '', 'thread', 'STYLE', nil, Ame::Types::Enumeration[:shallow, :deep], 'Controls addition of In-Reply-To and References headers' A “switch”¹ is an option that takes an optional argument. This allows you to have separate defaults for when the switch isn’t present on the command line and for when it’s given without an argument. The third argument to a switch is the name of the argument. We’re also introducing a new concept here in ‹Ame::Types::Enumeration›. An enumeration² allows you to limit the allowed input to a set of Symbols. An enumeration also has a default value in the first item to its constructor (which is aliased as ‹.[]›). In this case, the “thread” switch defaults to nil, but, when given, will default to ‹:shallow› if no argument is given. If an argument is given it must be either “shallow” or “deep”. A switch isn’t required to take an enumeration as its argument default and can take any kind of default value for its argument that Ame knows how to handle. We’ll look at this in more detail later, but know that the type of the default value will be used to inform Ame how to parse a command-line argument into a Ruby value. An argument to a switch must be given, in this case, as “‹--thread=deep›” on the command line. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#switch-class-method ² See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Types/Enumeration/ option '', 'start-number', 'N', 1, 'Start numbering the patches at N instead of 1' An “option”¹ is an option that takes an argument. The argument must always be present and may be given, in this case, as “‹--start-number=2›” or “‹--start-number 2›” on the command line. For a short-form option, anything that follows the option is seen as an argument, so assuming that “start-number” also had a short name of ‘S’, “‹-S2›” would be equivalent to “‹-S 2›”, which would be equivalent to “‹--start-number 2›”. Note that “‹-snS2›” would still work as expected. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#option-class-method multioption '', 'to', 'ADDRESS', String, 'Add a To: header to the email headers' A “multioption”¹ is an option that takes an argument and may be repeated any number of times. Each argument will be added to an Array stored in the Hash that maps option names to their values. Instead of taking a default argument, it takes a type for the argument (String, in this case). Again, types are used to inform Ame how to parse command-line arguments into Ruby values. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#multioption-class-method optional 'SINCE', 'N/A', 'Generate patches for commits after SINCE' An “optional”¹ argument is an argument that isn’t required. If it’s not present on the command line it’ll get its default value (the String ‹'N/A'›, in this case). ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#optional-class-method We’ve now covered all kinds of options and one new kind of argument. There are three more types of argument (one that we’ve already seen and two new) that we’ll look into now: “argument”, “splat”, and “splus”. description 'Annotate file lines with commit information' argument 'FILE', String, 'File to annotate' def annotate(file) p file end An “argument”¹ is an argument that’s required. If it’s not present on the command line, an error will be raised (and by default reported to the terminal). As it’s required, it doesn’t take a default, but rather a type. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#argument-class-method description 'Add file contents to the index' splat 'PATHSPEC', String, 'Files to add content from' def add(paths) p paths end A “splat”¹ is an argument that’s not required, but may be given any number of times. The type of a splat is the type of one argument and the type of a splat as a whole is an Array of values of that type. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#splat-class-method description 'Display gitattributes information' splus 'PATHNAME', String, 'Files to list attributes of' def check_attr(paths) p paths end A “splus”¹ is an argument that’s required, but may also be given any number of times. The type of a splus is the type of one argument and the type of a splus as a whole is an Array of values of that type. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#splus-class-method Now that we’ve seen all kinds of options and arguments, let’s look on an additional tool at our disposal, the dispatch¹. class Remote < Ame::Class description 'Manage set of remote repositories' def initialize; end description 'Shows a list of existing remotes' flag 'v', 'verbose', false, 'Show remote URL after name' def list(options = {}) p options end description 'Adds a remote named NAME for the repository at URL' argument 'name', String, 'Name of the remote to add' argument 'url', String, 'URL to the repository of the remote to add' def add(name, url) p name, url end end ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#dispatch-class-method Here we’re defining a child class to Git::CLI::Git called “Remote” that doesn’t introduce anything new. Then we set up the dispatch: dispatch Remote, :default => 'list' This adds a method called “remote” to Git::CLI::Git that will dispatch processing of the command line to an instance of the Remote class when “‹git remote›” is seen on the command line. The “remote” method expects an argument that’ll be used to decide what sub-command to execute. Here we’ve specified that in the absence of such an argument, the “list” method should be invoked. We add the same kind of dispatch to Git under Git::CLI: dispatch Git and then we’re done. Here’s all the previous code in its entirety: module Git end class Git::CLI < Ame::Root version '1.0.0' class Git < Ame::Class description 'The stupid content tracker' def initialize; end description 'Prepare patches for e-mail submission' flag ?n, 'numbered', false, 'Name output in [PATCH n/m] format' flag ?N, 'no-numbered', nil, 'Name output in [PATCH] format' do |options| options['numbered'] = false end toggle ?s, 'signoff', false, 'Add Signed-off-by: line to the commit message' switch '', 'thread', 'STYLE', nil, Ame::Types::Enumeration[:shallow, :deep], 'Controls addition of In-Reply-To and References headers' flag '', 'no-thread', nil, 'Disables addition of In-Reply-To and Reference headers' do |options, _| options.delete 'thread' end option '', 'start-number', 'N', 1, 'Start numbering the patches at N instead of 1' multioption '', 'to', 'ADDRESS', String, 'Add a To: header to the email headers' optional 'SINCE', 'N/A', 'Generate patches for commits after SINCE' def format_patch(since = '', options = {}) p since, options end description 'Annotate file lines with commit information' argument 'FILE', String, 'File to annotate' def annotate(file) p file end description 'Add file contents to the index' splat 'PATHSPEC', String, 'Files to add content from' def add(paths) p paths end description 'Display gitattributes information' splus 'PATHNAME', String, 'Files to list attributes of' def check_attr(paths) p paths end class Remote < Ame::Class description 'Manage set of remote repositories' def initialize; end description 'Shows a list of existing remotes' flag 'v', 'verbose', false, 'Show remote URL after name' def list(options = {}) p options end description 'Adds a remote named NAME for the repository at URL' argument 'name', String, 'Name of the remote to add' argument 'url', String, 'URL to the repository of the remote to add' def add(name, url) p name, url end end dispatch Remote, :default => 'list' end dispatch Git end If we put this code in a file called “git” and add ‹#! /usr/bin/ruby -w› at the beginning and ‹Git::CLI.process› at the end, you’ll have a very incomplete git command-line interface on your hands. Let’s look at what some of its ‹--help› output looks like: % git --help Usage: git [OPTIONS]... METHOD [ARGUMENTS]... The stupid content tracker Arguments: METHOD Method to run [ARGUMENTS]... Arguments to pass to METHOD Options: --help Display help for this method --version Display version information Methods: add Add file contents to the index annotate Annotate file lines with commit information check-attr Display gitattributes information format-patch Prepare patches for e-mail submission remote Manage set of remote repositories % git format-patch --help Usage: git format-patch [OPTIONS]... [SINCE] Prepare patches for e-mail submission Arguments: [SINCE=N/A] Generate patches for commits after SINCE Options: -N, --no-numbered Name output in [PATCH] format --help Display help for this method -n, --numbered Name output in [PATCH n/m] format --no-thread Disables addition of In-Reply-To and Reference headers -s, --signoff Add Signed-off-by: line to the commit message --start-number=N Start numbering the patches at N instead of 1 --thread[=STYLE] Controls addition of In-Reply-To and References headers --to=ADDRESS* Add a To: header to the email headers % git remote --help Usage: git remote [OPTIONS]... [METHOD] [ARGUMENTS]... Manage set of remote repositories Arguments: [METHOD=list] Method to run [ARGUMENTS]... Arguments to pass to METHOD Options: --help Display help for this method Methods: add Adds a remote named NAME for the repository at URL list Shows a list of existing remotes § API The previous section gave an introduction to the whole user API in an informal and introductory way. For an indepth reference to the user API, see the {user API documentation}¹. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/ If you want to extend the API or use it in some way other than as a command-line-interface writer, see the {developer API documentation}¹. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/developer/Ame/ § Financing Currently, most of my time is spent at my day job and in my rather busy private life. Please motivate me to spend time on this piece of software by donating some of your money to this project. Yeah, I realize that requesting money to develop software is a bit, well, capitalistic of me. But please realize that I live in a capitalistic society and I need money to have other people give me the things that I need to continue living under the rules of said society. So, if you feel that this piece of software has helped you out enough to warrant a reward, please PayPal a donation to now@disu.se¹. Thanks! Your support won’t go unnoticed! ¹ Send a donation: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_donations&business=now@disu.se&item_name=Ame § Reporting Bugs Please report any bugs that you encounter to the {issue tracker}¹. ¹ See https://github.com/now/ame/issues § Authors Nikolai Weibull wrote the code, the tests, the documentation, and this README. § Licensing Ame is free software: you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the {GNU Lesser General Public License, version 3}¹ or later², as published by the {Free Software Foundation}³. ¹ See http://disu.se/licenses/lgpl-3.0/ ² See http://gnu.org/licenses/ ³ See http://fsf.org/
Lookout Lookout is a unit testing framework for Ruby¹ that puts your results in focus. Tests (expectations) are written as follows expect 2 do 1 + 1 end expect ArgumentError do Integer('1 + 1') end expect Array do [1, 2, 3].select{ |i| i % 2 == 0 } end expect [2, 4, 6] do [1, 2, 3].map{ |i| i * 2 } end Lookout is designed to encourage – force, even – unit testing best practices such as • Setting up only one expectation per test • Not setting expectations on non-public APIs • Test isolation This is done by • Only allowing one expectation to be set per test • Providing no (additional) way of accessing private state • Providing no setup and tear-down methods, nor a method of providing test helpers Other important points are • Putting the expected outcome of a test in focus with the steps of the calculation of the actual result only as a secondary concern • A focus on code readability by providing no mechanism for describing an expectation other than the code in the expectation itself • A unified syntax for setting up both state-based and behavior-based expectations The way Lookout works has been heavily influenced by expectations², by {Jay Fields}³. The code base was once also heavily based on expectations, based at Subversion {revision 76}⁴. A lot has happened since then and all of the work past that revision are due to {Nikolai Weibull}⁵. ¹ Ruby: http://ruby-lang.org/ ² Expectations: http://expectations.rubyforge.org/ ³ Jay Fields’s blog: http://blog.jayfields.com/ ⁴ Lookout revision 76: https://github.com/now/lookout/commit/537bedf3e5b3eb4b31c066b3266f42964ac35ebe ⁵ Nikolai Weibull’s home page: http://disu.se/ § Installation Install Lookout with % gem install lookout § Usage Lookout allows you to set expectations on an object’s state or behavior. We’ll begin by looking at state expectations and then take a look at expectations on behavior. § Expectations on State: Literals An expectation can be made on the result of a computation: expect 2 do 1 + 1 end Most objects, in fact, have their state expectations checked by invoking ‹#==› on the expected value with the result as its argument. Checking that a result is within a given range is also simple: expect 0.099..0.101 do 0.4 - 0.3 end Here, the more general ‹#===› is being used on the ‹Range›. § Regexps ‹Strings› of course match against ‹Strings›: expect 'ab' do 'abc'[0..1] end but we can also match a ‹String› against a ‹Regexp›: expect %r{a substring} do 'a string with a substring' end (Note the use of ‹%r{…}› to avoid warnings that will be generated when Ruby parses ‹expect /…/›.) § Modules Checking that the result includes a certain module is done by expecting the ‹Module›. expect Enumerable do [] end This, due to the nature of Ruby, of course also works for classes (as they are also modules): expect String do 'a string' end This doesn’t hinder us from expecting the actual ‹Module› itself: expect Enumerable do Enumerable end or the ‹Class›: expect String do String end for obvious reasons. As you may have figured out yourself, this is accomplished by first trying ‹#==› and, if it returns ‹false›, then trying ‹#===› on the expected ‹Module›. This is also true of ‹Ranges› and ‹Regexps›. § Booleans Truthfulness is expected with ‹true› and ‹false›: expect true do 1 end expect false do nil end Results equaling ‹true› or ‹false› are slightly different: expect TrueClass do true end expect FalseClass do false end The rationale for this is that you should only care if the result of a computation evaluates to a value that Ruby considers to be either true or false, not the exact literals ‹true› or ‹false›. § IO Expecting output on an IO object is also common: expect output("abc\ndef\n") do |io| io.puts 'abc', 'def' end This can be used to capture the output of a formatter that takes an output object as a parameter. § Warnings Expecting warnings from code isn’t very common, but should be done: expect warning('this is your final one!') do warn 'this is your final one!' end expect warning('this is your final one!') do warn '%s:%d: warning: this is your final one!' % [__FILE__, __LINE__] end ‹$VERBOSE› is set to ‹true› during the execution of the block, so you don’t need to do so yourself. If you have other code that depends on the value of $VERBOSE, that can be done with ‹#with_verbose› expect nil do with_verbose nil do $VERBOSE end end § Errors You should always be expecting errors from – and in, but that’s a different story – your code: expect ArgumentError do Integer('1 + 1') end Often, not only the type of the error, but its description, is important to check: expect StandardError.new('message') do raise StandardError.new('message') end As with ‹Strings›, ‹Regexps› can be used to check the error description: expect StandardError.new(/mess/) do raise StandardError.new('message') end § Queries Through Symbols Symbols are generally matched against symbols, but as a special case, symbols ending with ‹?› are seen as expectations on the result of query methods on the result of the block, given that the method is of zero arity and that the result isn’t a Symbol itself. Simply expect a symbol ending with ‹?›: expect :empty? do [] end To expect it’s negation, expect the same symbol beginning with ‹not_›: expect :not_nil? do [1, 2, 3] end This is the same as expect true do [].empty? end and expect false do [1, 2, 3].empty? end but provides much clearer failure messages. It also makes the expectation’s intent a lot clearer. § Queries By Proxy There’s also a way to make the expectations of query methods explicit by invoking methods on the result of the block. For example, to check that the even elements of the Array ‹[1, 2, 3]› include ‹1› you could write expect result.to.include? 1 do [1, 2, 3].reject{ |e| e.even? } end You could likewise check that the result doesn’t include 2: expect result.not.to.include? 2 do [1, 2, 3].reject{ |e| e.even? } end This is the same as (and executes a little bit slower than) writing expect false do [1, 2, 3].reject{ |e| e.even? }.include? 2 end but provides much clearer failure messages. Given that these two last examples would fail, you’d get a message saying “[1, 2, 3]#include?(2)” instead of the terser “true≠false”. It also clearly separates the actual expectation from the set-up. The keyword for this kind of expectations is ‹result›. This may be followed by any of the methods • ‹#not› • ‹#to› • ‹#be› • ‹#have› or any other method you will want to call on the result. The methods ‹#to›, ‹#be›, and ‹#have› do nothing except improve readability. The ‹#not› method inverts the expectation. § Literal Literals If you need to literally check against any of the types of objects otherwise treated specially, that is, any instances of • ‹Module› • ‹Range› • ‹Regexp› • ‹Exception› • ‹Symbol›, given that it ends with ‹?› you can do so by wrapping it in ‹literal(…)›: expect literal(:empty?) do :empty? end You almost never need to do this, as, for all but symbols, instances will match accordingly as well. § Expectations on Behavior We expect our objects to be on their best behavior. Lookout allows you to make sure that they are. Reception expectations let us verify that a method is called in the way that we expect it to be: expect mock.to.receive.to_str(without_arguments){ '123' } do |o| o.to_str end Here, ‹#mock› creates a mock object, an object that doesn’t respond to anything unless you tell it to. We tell it to expect to receive a call to ‹#to_str› without arguments and have ‹#to_str› return ‹'123'› when called. The mock object is then passed in to the block so that the expectations placed upon it can be fulfilled. Sometimes we only want to make sure that a method is called in the way that we expect it to be, but we don’t care if any other methods are called on the object. A stub object, created with ‹#stub›, expects any method and returns a stub object that, again, expects any method, and thus fits the bill. expect stub.to.receive.to_str(without_arguments){ '123' } do |o| o.to_str if o.convertable? end You don’t have to use a mock object to verify that a method is called: expect Object.to.receive.name do Object.name end As you have figured out by now, the expected method call is set up by calling ‹#receive› after ‹#to›. ‹#Receive› is followed by a call to the method to expect with any expected arguments. The body of the expected method can be given as the block to the method. Finally, an expected invocation count may follow the method. Let’s look at this formal specification in more detail. The expected method arguments may be given in a variety of ways. Let’s introduce them by giving some examples: expect mock.to.receive.a do |m| m.a end Here, the method ‹#a› must be called with any number of arguments. It may be called any number of times, but it must be called at least once. If a method must receive exactly one argument, you can use ‹Object›, as the same matching rules apply for arguments as they do for state expectations: expect mock.to.receive.a(Object) do |m| m.a 0 end If a method must receive a specific argument, you can use that argument: expect mock.to.receive.a(1..2) do |m| m.a 1 end Again, the same matching rules apply for arguments as they do for state expectations, so the previous example expects a call to ‹#a› with 1, 2, or the Range 1..2 as an argument on ‹m›. If a method must be invoked without any arguments you can use ‹without_arguments›: expect mock.to.receive.a(without_arguments) do |m| m.a end You can of course use both ‹Object› and actual arguments: expect mock.to.receive.a(Object, 2, Object) do |m| m.a nil, 2, '3' end The body of the expected method may be given as the block. Here, calling ‹#a› on ‹m› will give the result ‹1›: expect mock.to.receive.a{ 1 } do |m| raise 'not 1' unless m.a == 1 end If no body has been given, the result will be a stub object. To take a block, grab a block parameter and ‹#call› it: expect mock.to.receive.a{ |&b| b.call(1) } do |m| j = 0 m.a{ |i| j = i } raise 'not 1' unless j == 1 end To simulate an ‹#each›-like method, ‹#call› the block several times. Invocation count expectations can be set if the default expectation of “at least once” isn’t good enough. The following expectations are possible • ‹#at_most_once› • ‹#once› • ‹#at_least_once› • ‹#twice› And, for a given ‹N›, • ‹#at_most(N)› • ‹#exactly(N)› • ‹#at_least(N)› § Utilities: Stubs Method stubs are another useful thing to have in a unit testing framework. Sometimes you need to override a method that does something a test shouldn’t do, like access and alter bank accounts. We can override – stub out – a method by using the ‹#stub› method. Let’s assume that we have an ‹Account› class that has two methods, ‹#slips› and ‹#total›. ‹#Slips› retrieves the bank slips that keep track of your deposits to the ‹Account› from a database. ‹#Total› sums the ‹#slips›. In the following test we want to make sure that ‹#total› does what it should do without accessing the database. We therefore stub out ‹#slips› and make it return something that we can easily control. expect 6 do |m| stub(Class.new{ def slips raise 'database not available' end def total slips.reduce(0){ |m, n| m.to_i + n.to_i } end }.new, :slips => [1, 2, 3]){ |account| account.total } end To make it easy to create objects with a set of stubbed methods there’s also a convenience method: expect 3 do s = stub(:a => 1, :b => 2) s.a + s.b end This short-hand notation can also be used for the expected value: expect stub(:a => 1, :b => 2).to.receive.a do |o| o.a + o.b end and also works for mock objects: expect mock(:a => 2, :b => 2).to.receive.a do |o| o.a + o.b end Blocks are also allowed when defining stub methods: expect 3 do s = stub(:a => proc{ |a, b| a + b }) s.a(1, 2) end If need be, we can stub out a specific method on an object: expect 'def' do stub('abc', :to_str => 'def'){ |a| a.to_str } end The stub is active during the execution of the block. § Overriding Constants Sometimes you need to override the value of a constant during the execution of some code. Use ‹#with_const› to do just that: expect 'hello' do with_const 'A::B::C', 'hello' do A::B::C end end Here, the constant ‹A::B::C› is set to ‹'hello'› during the execution of the block. None of the constants ‹A›, ‹B›, and ‹C› need to exist for this to work. If a constant doesn’t exist it’s created and set to a new, empty, ‹Module›. The value of ‹A::B::C›, if any, is restored after the block returns and any constants that didn’t previously exist are removed. § Overriding Environment Variables Another thing you often need to control in your tests is the value of environment variables. Depending on such global values is, of course, not a good practice, but is often unavoidable when working with external libraries. ‹#With_env› allows you to override the value of environment variables during the execution of a block by giving it a ‹Hash› of key/value pairs where the key is the name of the environment variable and the value is the value that it should have during the execution of that block: expect 'hello' do with_env 'INTRO' => 'hello' do ENV['INTRO'] end end Any overridden values are restored and any keys that weren’t previously a part of the environment are removed when the block returns. § Overriding Globals You may also want to override the value of a global temporarily: expect 'hello' do with_global :$stdout, StringIO.new do print 'hello' $stdout.string end end You thus provide the name of the global and a value that it should take during the execution of a block of code. The block gets passed the overridden value, should you need it: expect true do with_global :$stdout, StringIO.new do |overridden| $stdout != overridden end end § Integration Lookout can be used from Rake¹. Simply install Lookout-Rake²: % gem install lookout-rake and add the following code to your Rakefile require 'lookout-rake-3.0' Lookout::Rake::Tasks::Test.new Make sure to read up on using Lookout-Rake for further benefits and customization. ¹ Read more about Rake at http://rake.rubyforge.org/ ² Get information on Lookout-Rake at http://disu.se/software/lookout-rake/ § API Lookout comes with an API¹ that let’s you create things such as new expected values, difference reports for your types, and so on. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/lookout/api/ § Interface Design The default output of Lookout can Spartanly be described as Spartan. If no errors or failures occur, no output is generated. This is unconventional, as unit testing frameworks tend to dump a lot of information on the user, concerning things such as progress, test count summaries, and flamboyantly colored text telling you that your tests passed. None of this output is needed. Your tests should run fast enough to not require progress reports. The lack of output provides you with the same amount of information as reporting success. Test count summaries are only useful if you’re worried that your tests aren’t being run, but if you worry about that, then providing such output doesn’t really help. Testing your tests requires something beyond reporting some arbitrary count that you would have to verify by hand anyway. When errors or failures do occur, however, the relevant information is output in a format that can easily be parsed by an ‹'errorformat'› for Vim or with {Compilation Mode}¹ for Emacs². Diffs are generated for Strings, Arrays, Hashes, and I/O. ¹ Read up on Compilation mode for Emacs at http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/CompilationMode ² Visit The GNU Foundation’s Emacs’ software page at http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/ § External Design Let’s now look at some of the points made in the introduction in greater detail. Lookout only allows you to set one expectation per test. If you’re testing behavior with a reception expectation, then only one method-invocation expectation can be set. If you’re testing state, then only one result can be verified. It may seem like this would cause unnecessary duplication between tests. While this is certainly a possibility, when you actually begin to try to avoid such duplication you find that you often do so by improving your interfaces. This kind of restriction tends to encourage the use of value objects, which are easy to test, and more focused objects, which require simpler tests, as they have less behavior to test, per method. By keeping your interfaces focused you’re also keeping your tests focused. Keeping your tests focused improves, in itself, test isolation, but let’s look at something that hinders it: setup and tear-down methods. Most unit testing frameworks encourage test fragmentation by providing setup and tear-down methods. Setup methods create objects and, perhaps, just their behavior for a set of tests. This means that you have to look in two places to figure out what’s being done in a test. This may work fine for few methods with simple set-ups, but makes things complicated when the number of tests increases and the set-up is complex. Often, each test further adjusts the previously set-up object before performing any verifications, further complicating the process of figuring out what state an object has in a given test. Tear-down methods clean up after tests, perhaps by removing records from a database or deleting files from the file-system. The duplication that setup methods and tear-down methods hope to remove is better avoided by improving your interfaces. This can be done by providing better set-up methods for your objects and using idioms such as {Resource Acquisition Is Initialization}¹ for guaranteed clean-up, test or no test. By not using setup and tear-down methods we keep everything pertinent to a test in the test itself, thus improving test isolation. (You also won’t {slow down your tests}² by keeping unnecessary state.) Most unit test frameworks also allow you to create arbitrary test helper methods. Lookout doesn’t. The same rationale as that that has been crystallized in the preceding paragraphs applies. If you need helpers you’re interface isn’t good enough. It really is as simple as that. To clarify: there’s nothing inherently wrong with test helper methods, but they should be general enough that they reside in their own library. The support for mocks in Lookout is provided through a set of test helper methods that make it easier to create mocks than it would have been without them. Lookout-rack³ is another example of a library providing test helper methods (well, one method, actually) that are very useful in testing web applications that use Rack⁴. A final point at which some unit test frameworks try to fragment tests further is documentation. These frameworks provide ways of describing the whats and hows of what’s being tested, the rationale being that this will provide documentation of both the test and the code being tested. Describing how a stack data structure is meant to work is a common example. A stack is, however, a rather simple data structure, so such a description provides little, if any, additional information that can’t be extracted from the implementation and its tests themselves. The implementation and its tests is, in fact, its own best documentation. Taking the points made in the previous paragraphs into account, we should already have simple, self-describing, interfaces that have easily understood tests associated with them. Rationales for the use of a given data structure or system-design design documentation is better suited in separate documentation focused at describing exactly those issues. ¹ Read the Wikipedia entry for Resource Acquisition Is Initialization at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Acquisition_Is_Initialization ² Read how 37signals had problems with slow Test::Unit tests at http://37signals.com/svn/posts/2742-the-road-to-faster-tests/ ³ Visit the Lookout-rack home page at http://disu.se/software/lookout-rack/ ⁴ Visit the Rack Rubyforge project page at http://rack.rubyforge.org/ § Internal Design The internal design of Lookout has had a couple of goals. • As few external dependencies as possible • As few internal dependencies as possible • Internal extensibility provides external extensibility • As fast load times as possible • As high a ratio of value objects to mutable objects as possible • Each object must have a simple, obvious name • Use mix-ins, not inheritance for shared behavior • As few responsibilities per object as possible • Optimizing for speed can only be done when you have all the facts § External Dependencies Lookout used to depend on Mocha for mocks and stubs. While benchmarking I noticed that a method in Mocha was taking up more than 300 percent of the runtime. It turned out that Mocha’s method for cleaning up back-traces generated when a mock failed was doing something incredibly stupid: backtrace.reject{ |l| Regexp.new(@lib).match(File.expand_path(l)) } Here ‹@lib› is a ‹String› containing the path to the lib sub-directory in the Mocha installation directory. I reported it, provided a patch five days later, then waited. Nothing happened. {254 days later}¹, according to {Wolfram Alpha}², half of my patch was, apparently – I say “apparently”, as I received no notification – applied. By that time I had replaced the whole mocking-and-stubbing subsystem and dropped the dependency. Many Ruby developers claim that Ruby and its gems are too fast-moving for normal package-managing systems to keep up. This is testament to the fact that this isn’t the case and that the real problem is instead related to sloppy practices. Please note that I don’t want to single out the Mocha library nor its developers. I only want to provide an example where relying on external dependencies can be “considered harmful”. ¹ See the Wolfram Alpha calculation at http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=days+between+march+17%2C+2010+and+november+26%2C+2010 ² Check out the Wolfram Alpha computational knowledge engine at http://www.wolframalpha.com/ § Internal Dependencies Lookout has been designed so as to keep each subsystem independent of any other. The diff subsystem is, for example, completely decoupled from any other part of the system as a whole and could be moved into its own library at a time where that would be of interest to anyone. What’s perhaps more interesting is that the diff subsystem is itself very modular. The data passes through a set of filters that depends on what kind of diff has been requested, each filter yielding modified data as it receives it. If you want to read some rather functional Ruby I can highly recommend looking at the code in the ‹lib/lookout/diff› directory. This lookout on the design of the library also makes it easy to extend Lookout. Lookout-rack was, for example, written in about four hours and about 5 of those 240 minutes were spent on setting up the interface between the two. § Optimizing For Speed The following paragraph is perhaps a bit personal, but might be interesting nonetheless. I’ve always worried about speed. The original Expectations library used ‹extend› a lot to add new behavior to objects. Expectations, for example, used to hold the result of their execution (what we now term “evaluation”) by being extended by a module representing success, failure, or error. For the longest time I used this same method, worrying about the increased performance cost that creating new objects for results would incur. I finally came to a point where I felt that the code was so simple and clean that rewriting this part of the code for a benchmark wouldn’t take more than perhaps ten minutes. Well, ten minutes later I had my results and they confirmed that creating new objects wasn’t harming performance. I was very pleased. § Naming I hate low lines (underscores). I try to avoid them in method names and I always avoid them in file names. Since the current “best practice” in the Ruby community is to put ‹BeginEndStorage› in a file called ‹begin_end_storage.rb›, I only name constants using a single noun. This has had the added benefit that classes seem to have acquired less behavior, as using a single noun doesn’t allow you to tack on additional behavior without questioning if it’s really appropriate to do so, given the rather limited range of interpretation for that noun. It also seems to encourage the creation of value objects, as something named ‹Range› feels a lot more like a value than ‹BeginEndStorage›. (To reach object-oriented-programming Nirvana you must achieve complete value.) § News § 3.0.0 The ‹xml› expectation has been dropped. It wasn’t documented, didn’t suit very many use cases, and can be better implemented by an external library. The ‹arg› argument matcher for mock method arguments has been removed, as it didn’t provide any benefit over using Object. The ‹#yield› and ‹#each› methods on stub and mock methods have been removed. They were slightly weird and their use case can be implemented using block parameters instead. The ‹stub› method inside ‹expect› blocks now stubs out the methods during the execution of a provided block instead of during the execution of the whole except block. When a mock method is called too many times, this is reported immediately, with a full backtrace. This makes it easier to pin down what’s wrong with the code. Query expectations were added. Explicit query expectations were added. Fluent boolean expectations, for example, ‹expect nil.to.be.nil?› have been replaced by query expectations (‹expect :nil? do nil end›) and explicit query expectations (‹expect result.to.be.nil? do nil end›). This was done to discourage creating objects as the expected value and creating objects that change during the course of the test. The ‹literal› expectation was added. Equality (‹#==›) is now checked before “caseity” (‹#===›) for modules, ranges, and regular expressions to match the documentation. § Financing Currently, most of my time is spent at my day job and in my rather busy private life. Please motivate me to spend time on this piece of software by donating some of your money to this project. Yeah, I realize that requesting money to develop software is a bit, well, capitalistic of me. But please realize that I live in a capitalistic society and I need money to have other people give me the things that I need to continue living under the rules of said society. So, if you feel that this piece of software has helped you out enough to warrant a reward, please PayPal a donation to now@disu.se¹. Thanks! Your support won’t go unnoticed! ¹ Send a donation: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_donations&business=now%40disu%2ese&item_name=Lookout § Reporting Bugs Please report any bugs that you encounter to the {issue tracker}¹. ¹ See https://github.com/now/lookout/issues § Contributors Contributors to the original expectations codebase are mentioned there. We hope no one on that list feels left out of this list. Please {let us know}¹ if you do. • Nikolai Weibull ¹ Add an issue to the Lookout issue tracker at https://github.com/now/lookout/issues § Licensing Lookout is free software: you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the {GNU Lesser General Public License, version 3}¹ or later², as published by the {Free Software Foundation}³. ¹ See http://disu.se/licenses/lgpl-3.0/ ² See http://gnu.org/licenses/ ³ See http://fsf.org/