Results for standard-error-set

Define additional sets of validations beyond the standard "errors" that is tied to the ActiveRecord life-cycle. These additional sets can be defined with all the standard ActiveRecord::Validation macros, and the resulting collection is a standard ActiveRecord::Errors object.

There is great benefit in adopting a standard library of exceptions. Projects and libraries can all assume the same set of exception classes will be raised and caught using the built in language rescue keyword which filters on class. It becomes especially powerful for building API's, where specific exception classes can be made to return specific HTTP status codes. This libary also provides helper bang-methods eg. unauthorised! for raising these standard kinds of errors

# Excel to Code [](https://travis-ci.org/tamc/excel_to_code) excel_to_c - roughly translate some Excel files into C. excel_to_ruby - roughly translate some Excel files into Ruby. This allows spreadsheets to be: 1. Embedded in other programs, such as web servers, or optimisers 2. Without depending on any Microsoft code For example, running [these commands](examples/simple/compile.sh) turns [this spreadsheet](examples/simple/simple.xlsx) into [this Ruby code](examples/simple/ruby/simple.rb) or [this C code](examples/simple/c/simple.c). # Install Requires Ruby. Install by: gem install excel_to_code # Run To just have a go: excel_to_c <excel_file_name> This will produce a file called excelspreadsheet.c For a more complex spreadsheet: excel_to_c --compile --run-tests --settable <name of input worksheet> --prune-except <name of output worksheet> <excel file name> See the full list of options: excel_to_c --help # Gotchas, limitations and bugs 0. No custom functions, no macros for generating results 1. Results are cached. So you must call reset(), then set values, then read values. 2. It must be possible to replace INDIRECT and OFFSET formula with standard references at compile time (e.g., INDIRECT("A"&"1") is fine, INDIRECT(userInput&"3") is not. 3. Doesn't implement all functions. [See which functions are implemented](docs/Which_functions_are_implemented.md). 4. Doesn't implement references that involve range unions and lists (but does implement standard ranges) 5. Sometimes gives cells as being empty, when excel would give the cell as having a numeric value of zero 6. The generated C version does not multithread and will give bad results if you try. 7. The generated code uses floating point, rather than fully precise arithmetic, so results can differ slightly. 8. The generated code uses the sprintf approach to rounding (even-odd) rather than excel's 0.5 rounds away from zero. 9. Ranges like this: Sheet1!A10:Sheet1!B20 and 3D ranges don't work. Report bugs: <https://github.com/tamc/excel_to_code/issues> # Changelog See [Changes](CHANGES.md). # License See [License](LICENSE.md) # Hacking Source code: <https://github.com/tamc/excel_to_code> Documentation: * [Installing from source](docs/installing_from_source.md) * [Structure of this project](docs/structure_of_this_project.md) * [How does the calculation work](docs/how_does_the_calculation_work.md) * [How to fix parsing errors](docs/How_to_fix_parsing_errors.md) * [How to implement a new Excel function](docs/How_to_add_a_missing_function.md) Some notes on how Excel works under the hood: * [The Excel file structure](docs/implementation/excel_file_structure.md) * [Relationships](docs/implementation/relationships.md) * [Workbooks](docs/implementation/workbook.md) * [Worksheets](docs/implementation/worksheets.md) * [Cells](docs/implementation/cell.md) * [Tables](docs/implementation/tables.md) * [Shared Strings](docs/implementation/shared_strings.md) * [Array formulae](docs/implementation/array_formulae.md)

The Tripletex API is a **RESTful API**, which does not implement PATCH, but uses a PUT with optional fields. **Actions** or commands are represented in our RESTful path with a prefixed `:`. Example: `/v2/hours/123/:approve`. **Summaries** or aggregated results are represented in our RESTful path with a prefixed <code>&gt;</code>. Example: <code>/v2/hours/&gt;thisWeeksBillables</code>. **"requestID"** is a key found in all validation and error responses. If additional log information is absolutely necessary, our support division can locate the key value. **Download** the [swagger.json](/v2/swagger.json) file [OpenAPI Specification](https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification) to [generate code](https://github.com/sveredyuk/tripletex_ruby). This document was generated from the Swagger JSON file. **version:** This is a versioning number found on all DB records. If included, it will prevent your PUT/POST from overriding any updates to the record since your GET. **Date & DateTime** follows the **ISO 8601** standard. Date: `YYYY-MM-DD`. DateTime: `YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ssZ` **Sorting** is done by specifying a comma separated list, where a `-` prefix denotes descending. You can sort by sub object with the following format: `project.name, -date`. **Searching:** is done by entering values in the optional fields for each API call. The values fall into the following categories: range, in, exact and like. **Missing fields or even no response data** can occur because result objects and fields are filtered on authorization. **See [FAQ](https://tripletex.no/execute/docViewer?articleId=906&language=0) for more additional information.** ## Authentication: - **Tokens:** The Tripletex API uses 3 different tokens - **consumerToken**, **employeeToken** and **sessionToken**. - **consumerToken** is a token provided to the consumer by Tripletex after the API 2.0 registration is completed. - **employeeToken** is a token created by an administrator in your Tripletex account via the user settings and the tab "API access". Each employee token must be given a set of entitlements. [Read more here.](https://tripletex.no/execute/docViewer?articleId=853&language=0) - **sessionToken** is the token from `/token/session/:create` which requires a consumerToken and an employeeToken created with the same consumer token, but not an authentication header. See how to create a sessionToken [here](https://tripletex.no/execute/docViewer?articleId=855&language=0). - The session token is used as the password in "Basic Authentication Header" for API calls. - Use blank or `0` as username for accessing the account with regular employee token, or if a company owned employee token accesses <code>/company/&gt;withLoginAccess</code> or <code>/token/session/&gt;whoAmI</code>. - For company owned employee tokens (accounting offices) the ID from <code>/company/&gt;withLoginAccess</code> can be used as username for accessing client accounts. - If you need to create the header yourself use <code>Authorization: Basic &lt;base64encode('0:sessionToken')&gt;</code>. ## Tags: - <div class="tag-icon-beta"></div> **[BETA]** This is a beta endpoint and can be subject to change. - <div class="tag-icon-deprecated"></div> **[DEPRECATED]** Deprecated means that we intend to remove/change this feature or capability in a future "major" API release. We therefore discourage all use of this feature/capability. ## Fields: Use the `fields` parameter to specify which fields should be returned. This also supports fields from sub elements. Example values: - `project,activity,hours` returns `{project:..., activity:...., hours:...}`. - just `project` returns `"project" : { "id": 12345, "url": "tripletex.no/v2/projects/12345" }`. - `project(*)` returns `"project" : { "id": 12345 "name":"ProjectName" "number.....startDate": "2013-01-07" }`. - `project(name)` returns `"project" : { "name":"ProjectName" }`. - All elements and some subElements : `*,activity(name),employee(*)`. ## Changes: To get the changes for a resource, `changes` have to be explicitly specified as part of the `fields` parameter, e.g. `*,changes`. There are currently two types of change available: - `CREATE` for when the resource was created - `UPDATE` for when the resource was updated NOTE: For objects created prior to October 24th 2018 the list may be incomplete, but will always contain the CREATE and the last change (if the object has been changed after creation). ## Rate limiting in each response header: Rate limiting is performed on the API calls for an employee for each API consumer. Status regarding the rate limit is returned as headers: - `X-Rate-Limit-Limit` - The number of allowed requests in the current period. - `X-Rate-Limit-Remaining` - The number of remaining requests. - `X-Rate-Limit-Reset` - The number of seconds left in the current period. Once the rate limit is hit, all requests will return HTTP status code `429` for the remainder of the current period. ## Response envelope: ``` { "fullResultSize": ###, "from": ###, // Paging starting from "count": ###, // Paging count "versionDigest": "Hash of full result", "values": [...list of objects...] } { "value": {...single object...} } ``` ## WebHook envelope: ``` { "subscriptionId": ###, "event": "object.verb", // As listed from /v2/event/ "id": ###, // Object id "value": {... single object, null if object.deleted ...} } ``` ## Error/warning envelope: ``` { "status": ###, // HTTP status code "code": #####, // internal status code of event "message": "Basic feedback message in your language", "link": "Link to doc", "developerMessage": "More technical message", "validationMessages": [ // Will be null if Error { "field": "Name of field", "message": "Validation failure information" } ], "requestId": "UUID used in any logs" } ``` ## Status codes / Error codes: - **200 OK** - **201 Created** - From POSTs that create something new. - **204 No Content** - When there is no answer, ex: "/:anAction" or DELETE. - **400 Bad request** - - **4000** Bad Request Exception - **11000** Illegal Filter Exception - **12000** Path Param Exception - **24000** Cryptography Exception - **401 Unauthorized** - When authentication is required and has failed or has not yet been provided - **3000** Authentication Exception - **9000** Security Exception - **403 Forbidden** - When AuthorisationManager says no. - **404 Not Found** - For content/IDs that does not exist. - **6000** Not Found Exception - **409 Conflict** - Such as an edit conflict between multiple simultaneous updates - **7000** Object Exists Exception - **8000** Revision Exception - **10000** Locked Exception - **14000** Duplicate entry - **422 Bad Request** - For Required fields or things like malformed payload. - **15000** Value Validation Exception - **16000** Mapping Exception - **17000** Sorting Exception - **18000** Validation Exception - **21000** Param Exception - **22000** Invalid JSON Exception - **23000** Result Set Too Large Exception - **429 Too Many Requests** - Request rate limit hit - **500 Internal Error** - Unexpected condition was encountered and no more specific message is suitable - **1000** Exception

The Tripletex API is a **RESTful API**, which does not implement PATCH, but uses a PUT with optional fields. **Actions** or commands are represented in our RESTful path with a prefixed `:`. Example: `/v2/hours/123/:approve`. **Summaries** or aggregated results are represented in our RESTful path with a prefixed <code>&gt;</code>. Example: <code>/v2/hours/&gt;thisWeeksBillables</code>. **"requestID"** is a key found in all validation and error responses. If additional log information is absolutely necessary, our support division can locate the key value. **Download** the [swagger.json](/v2/swagger.json) file [OpenAPI Specification](https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification) to [generate code](https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-codegen). This document was generated from the Swagger JSON file. **version:** This is a versioning number found on all DB records. If included, it will prevent your PUT/POST from overriding any updates to the record since your GET. **Date & DateTime** follows the **ISO 8601** standard. Date: `YYYY-MM-DD`. DateTime: `YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ssZ` **Sorting** is done by specifying a comma separated list, where a `-` prefix denotes descending. You can sort by sub object with the following format: `project.name, -date`. **Searching:** is done by entering values in the optional fields for each API call. The values fall into the following categories: range, in, exact and like. **Missing fields or even no response data** can occur because result objects and fields are filtered on authorization. **See [FAQ](https://tripletex.no/execute/docViewer?articleId=906&language=0) for more additional information.** ## Authentication: - **Tokens:** The Tripletex API uses 3 different tokens - **consumerToken**, **employeeToken** and **sessionToken**. - **consumerToken** is a token provided to the consumer by Tripletex after the API 2.0 registration is completed. - **employeeToken** is a token created by an administrator in your Tripletex account via the user settings and the tab "API access". Each employee token must be given a set of entitlements. [Read more here.](https://tripletex.no/execute/docViewer?articleId=853&language=0) - **sessionToken** is the token from `/token/session/:create` which requires a consumerToken and an employeeToken created with the same consumer token, but not an authentication header. See how to create a sessionToken [here](https://tripletex.no/execute/docViewer?articleId=855&language=0). - The session token is used as the password in "Basic Authentication Header" for API calls. - Use blank or `0` as username for accessing the account with regular employee token, or if a company owned employee token accesses <code>/company/&gt;withLoginAccess</code> or <code>/token/session/&gt;whoAmI</code>. - For company owned employee tokens (accounting offices) the ID from <code>/company/&gt;withLoginAccess</code> can be used as username for accessing client accounts. - If you need to create the header yourself use <code>Authorization: Basic &lt;base64encode('0:sessionToken')&gt;</code>. ## Tags: - <div class="tag-icon-beta"></div> **[BETA]** This is a beta endpoint and can be subject to change. - <div class="tag-icon-deprecated"></div> **[DEPRECATED]** Deprecated means that we intend to remove/change this feature or capability in a future "major" API release. We therefore discourage all use of this feature/capability. ## Fields: Use the `fields` parameter to specify which fields should be returned. This also supports fields from sub elements. Example values: - `project,activity,hours` returns `{project:..., activity:...., hours:...}`. - just `project` returns `"project" : { "id": 12345, "url": "tripletex.no/v2/projects/12345" }`. - `project(*)` returns `"project" : { "id": 12345 "name":"ProjectName" "number.....startDate": "2013-01-07" }`. - `project(name)` returns `"project" : { "name":"ProjectName" }`. - All elements and some subElements : `*,activity(name),employee(*)`. ## Changes: To get the changes for a resource, `changes` have to be explicitly specified as part of the `fields` parameter, e.g. `*,changes`. There are currently two types of change available: - `CREATE` for when the resource was created - `UPDATE` for when the resource was updated NOTE: For objects created prior to October 24th 2018 the list may be incomplete, but will always contain the CREATE and the last change (if the object has been changed after creation). ## Rate limiting in each response header: Rate limiting is performed on the API calls for an employee for each API consumer. Status regarding the rate limit is returned as headers: - `X-Rate-Limit-Limit` - The number of allowed requests in the current period. - `X-Rate-Limit-Remaining` - The number of remaining requests. - `X-Rate-Limit-Reset` - The number of seconds left in the current period. Once the rate limit is hit, all requests will return HTTP status code `429` for the remainder of the current period. ## Response envelope: ``` { "fullResultSize": ###, "from": ###, // Paging starting from "count": ###, // Paging count "versionDigest": "Hash of full result", "values": [...list of objects...] } { "value": {...single object...} } ``` ## WebHook envelope: ``` { "subscriptionId": ###, "event": "object.verb", // As listed from /v2/event/ "id": ###, // Object id "value": {... single object, null if object.deleted ...} } ``` ## Error/warning envelope: ``` { "status": ###, // HTTP status code "code": #####, // internal status code of event "message": "Basic feedback message in your language", "link": "Link to doc", "developerMessage": "More technical message", "validationMessages": [ // Will be null if Error { "field": "Name of field", "message": "Validation failure information" } ], "requestId": "UUID used in any logs" } ``` ## Status codes / Error codes: - **200 OK** - **201 Created** - From POSTs that create something new. - **204 No Content** - When there is no answer, ex: "/:anAction" or DELETE. - **400 Bad request** - - **4000** Bad Request Exception - **11000** Illegal Filter Exception - **12000** Path Param Exception - **24000** Cryptography Exception - **401 Unauthorized** - When authentication is required and has failed or has not yet been provided - **3000** Authentication Exception - **9000** Security Exception - **403 Forbidden** - When AuthorisationManager says no. - **404 Not Found** - For content/IDs that does not exist. - **6000** Not Found Exception - **409 Conflict** - Such as an edit conflict between multiple simultaneous updates - **7000** Object Exists Exception - **8000** Revision Exception - **10000** Locked Exception - **14000** Duplicate entry - **422 Bad Request** - For Required fields or things like malformed payload. - **15000** Value Validation Exception - **16000** Mapping Exception - **17000** Sorting Exception - **18000** Validation Exception - **21000** Param Exception - **22000** Invalid JSON Exception - **23000** Result Set Too Large Exception - **429 Too Many Requests** - Request rate limit hit - **500 Internal Error** - Unexpected condition was encountered and no more specific message is suitable - **1000** Exception

The Tripletex API is a **RESTful API**, which does not implement PATCH, but uses a PUT with optional fields. **Actions** or commands are represented in our RESTful path with a prefixed `:`. Example: `/v2/hours/123/:approve`. **Summaries** or aggregated results are represented in our RESTful path with a prefixed <code>&gt;</code>. Example: <code>/v2/hours/&gt;thisWeeksBillables</code>. **"requestID"** is a key found in all validation and error responses. If additional log information is absolutely necessary, our support division can locate the key value. **Download** the [swagger.json](/v2/swagger.json) file [OpenAPI Specification](https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification) to [generate code](https://github.com/sveredyuk/tripletex_ruby). This document was generated from the Swagger JSON file. **version:** This is a versioning number found on all DB records. If included, it will prevent your PUT/POST from overriding any updates to the record since your GET. **Date & DateTime** follows the **ISO 8601** standard. Date: `YYYY-MM-DD`. DateTime: `YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ssZ` **Sorting** is done by specifying a comma separated list, where a `-` prefix denotes descending. You can sort by sub object with the following format: `project.name, -date`. **Searching:** is done by entering values in the optional fields for each API call. The values fall into the following categories: range, in, exact and like. **Missing fields or even no response data** can occur because result objects and fields are filtered on authorization. **See [FAQ](https://tripletex.no/execute/docViewer?articleId=906&language=0) for more additional information.** ## Authentication: - **Tokens:** The Tripletex API uses 3 different tokens - **consumerToken**, **employeeToken** and **sessionToken**. - **consumerToken** is a token provided to the consumer by Tripletex after the API 2.0 registration is completed. - **employeeToken** is a token created by an administrator in your Tripletex account via the user settings and the tab "API access". Each employee token must be given a set of entitlements. [Read more here.](https://tripletex.no/execute/docViewer?articleId=853&language=0) - **sessionToken** is the token from `/token/session/:create` which requires a consumerToken and an employeeToken created with the same consumer token, but not an authentication header. See how to create a sessionToken [here](https://tripletex.no/execute/docViewer?articleId=855&language=0). - The session token is used as the password in "Basic Authentication Header" for API calls. - Use blank or `0` as username for accessing the account with regular employee token, or if a company owned employee token accesses <code>/company/&gt;withLoginAccess</code> or <code>/token/session/&gt;whoAmI</code>. - For company owned employee tokens (accounting offices) the ID from <code>/company/&gt;withLoginAccess</code> can be used as username for accessing client accounts. - If you need to create the header yourself use <code>Authorization: Basic &lt;base64encode('0:sessionToken')&gt;</code>. ## Tags: - <div class="tag-icon-beta"></div> **[BETA]** This is a beta endpoint and can be subject to change. - <div class="tag-icon-deprecated"></div> **[DEPRECATED]** Deprecated means that we intend to remove/change this feature or capability in a future "major" API release. We therefore discourage all use of this feature/capability. ## Fields: Use the `fields` parameter to specify which fields should be returned. This also supports fields from sub elements. Example values: - `project,activity,hours` returns `{project:..., activity:...., hours:...}`. - just `project` returns `"project" : { "id": 12345, "url": "tripletex.no/v2/projects/12345" }`. - `project(*)` returns `"project" : { "id": 12345 "name":"ProjectName" "number.....startDate": "2013-01-07" }`. - `project(name)` returns `"project" : { "name":"ProjectName" }`. - All elements and some subElements : `*,activity(name),employee(*)`. ## Changes: To get the changes for a resource, `changes` have to be explicitly specified as part of the `fields` parameter, e.g. `*,changes`. There are currently two types of change available: - `CREATE` for when the resource was created - `UPDATE` for when the resource was updated NOTE: For objects created prior to October 24th 2018 the list may be incomplete, but will always contain the CREATE and the last change (if the object has been changed after creation). ## Rate limiting in each response header: Rate limiting is performed on the API calls for an employee for each API consumer. Status regarding the rate limit is returned as headers: - `X-Rate-Limit-Limit` - The number of allowed requests in the current period. - `X-Rate-Limit-Remaining` - The number of remaining requests. - `X-Rate-Limit-Reset` - The number of seconds left in the current period. Once the rate limit is hit, all requests will return HTTP status code `429` for the remainder of the current period. ## Response envelope: ``` { "fullResultSize": ###, "from": ###, // Paging starting from "count": ###, // Paging count "versionDigest": "Hash of full result", "values": [...list of objects...] } { "value": {...single object...} } ``` ## WebHook envelope: ``` { "subscriptionId": ###, "event": "object.verb", // As listed from /v2/event/ "id": ###, // Object id "value": {... single object, null if object.deleted ...} } ``` ## Error/warning envelope: ``` { "status": ###, // HTTP status code "code": #####, // internal status code of event "message": "Basic feedback message in your language", "link": "Link to doc", "developerMessage": "More technical message", "validationMessages": [ // Will be null if Error { "field": "Name of field", "message": "Validation failure information" } ], "requestId": "UUID used in any logs" } ``` ## Status codes / Error codes: - **200 OK** - **201 Created** - From POSTs that create something new. - **204 No Content** - When there is no answer, ex: "/:anAction" or DELETE. - **400 Bad request** - - **4000** Bad Request Exception - **11000** Illegal Filter Exception - **12000** Path Param Exception - **24000** Cryptography Exception - **401 Unauthorized** - When authentication is required and has failed or has not yet been provided - **3000** Authentication Exception - **9000** Security Exception - **403 Forbidden** - When AuthorisationManager says no. - **404 Not Found** - For content/IDs that does not exist. - **6000** Not Found Exception - **409 Conflict** - Such as an edit conflict between multiple simultaneous updates - **7000** Object Exists Exception - **8000** Revision Exception - **10000** Locked Exception - **14000** Duplicate entry - **422 Bad Request** - For Required fields or things like malformed payload. - **15000** Value Validation Exception - **16000** Mapping Exception - **17000** Sorting Exception - **18000** Validation Exception - **21000** Param Exception - **22000** Invalid JSON Exception - **23000** Result Set Too Large Exception - **429 Too Many Requests** - Request rate limit hit - **500 Internal Error** - Unexpected condition was encountered and no more specific message is suitable - **1000** Exception

# Fancy Logger An easily customizable logger with style. ## Install ### Bundler: `gem 'fancy_logger'` ### RubyGems: `gem install fancy_logger` ## Usage Simply use as if you were using the normal Ruby `Logger` class: ```ruby require 'fancy_logger' logger = FancyLogger.new(STDOUT) logger.info "Hello" ``` ### Config The `config` instance method allows you to modify the configuration of the Logger within a DSL. Continuing with our last example: ```ruby logger.config do timestamp_format "%c" styles do info do foreground :yellow blink true end end end logger.debug 'Look here!' logger.info 'Doing things...' logger.warn 'Watch out!' logger.error 'Bad' logger.fatal 'VERY bad' logger.unknown 'Weird unknown stuff' ``` #### Output ![][output_example] ### Config ```ruby # The format of the timestamp in the log. Follows the strftime standards. timestamp_format "%F %r" # On the first logged message, FancyLogger will prepend a help message # containing a list of all the severities (debug, info, warn, etc) styled # according to your config as reference. # You can disable this by setting the below option to false. show_help_message true # Under styles, you have a configuration for each severity. # Each severity has a configuration with the following valid options: # Key: foreground # Value: # :default, :black, :red, :green, :yellow, :blue, :magenta, :cyan, :white # # Key: background # Value: # :default, :black, :red, :green, :yellow, :blue, :magenta, :cyan, :white # # Key: reset # Value: true or false # # Key: bright # Value: true or false # # Key: italic # Value: true or false # # Key: underline # Value: true or false # # Key: # blink # Value: true or false # # Key: inverse # Value: true or false # # Key: hide # Value: true or false styles do debug do foreground :black background :cyan end info do foreground :default background :default end warn do foreground :yellow background :default blink true end error do foreground :red background :default end fatal do foreground :black background :red bold true underline true end unknown do foreground :black background :white underline true end end ``` ## Contributing * Check out the latest master to make sure the feature hasn't been implemented or the bug hasn't been fixed yet * Check out the issue tracker to make sure someone already hasn't requested it and/or contributed it * Fork the project * Start or switch to a testing/unstable/feature/bugfix branch * Commit and push until you are happy with your contribution * Make sure to add tests for it. This is important so I don't break it in a future version unintentionally. * Please try not to mess with the Rakefile, VERSION or gemspec. ## Copyright Copyright © 2012 Ryan Scott Lewis <ryan@rynet.us>. The MIT License (MIT) - See LICENSE for further details. [output_example]: http://oi44.tinypic.com/sfwlkp.jpg

Contentful API wrapper library exposing an ActiveRecord-like interface

Ame Ame provides a simple command-line interface API for Ruby¹. It can be used to provide both simple interfaces like that of ‹rm›² and complex ones like that of ‹git›³. It uses Ruby’s own classes, methods, and argument lists to provide an interface that is both simple to use from the command-line side and from the Ruby side. The provided command-line interface is flexible and follows commond standards for command-line processing. ¹ See http://ruby-lang.org/ ² See http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/rm.html ³ See http://git-scm.com/docs/ § Usage Let’s begin by looking at two examples, one where we mimic the POSIX¹ command-line interface to the ‹rm› command. Looking at the entry² in the standard, ‹rm› takes the following options: = -f. = Do not prompt for confirmation. = -i. = Prompt for confirmation. = -R. = Remove file hierarchies. = -r. = Equivalent to /-r/. It also takes the following arguments: = FILE. = A pathname or directory entry to be removed. And actually allows one or more of these /FILE/ arguments to be given. We also note that the ‹rm› command is described as a command to “remove directory entries”. ¹ See http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/contents.html ² See http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/rm.html Let’s turn this specification into one using Ame’s API. We begin by adding a flag for each of the options listed above: class Rm &lt; Ame::Root flag 'f', '', false, 'Do not prompt for confirmation' flag 'i', '', nil, 'Prompt for confirmation' do |options| options['f'] = false end flag 'R', '', false, 'Remove file hierarchies' flag 'r', '', nil, 'Equivalent to -R' do |options| options['r'] = true end A flag¹ is a boolean option that doesn’t take an argument. Each flag gets a short and long name, where an empty name means that there’s no corresponding short or long name for the flag, a default value (true, false, or nil), and a description of what the flag does. Each flag can also optionally take a block that can do further processing. In this case we use this block to modify the Hash that maps option names to their values passed to the block to set other flags’ values than the ones that the block is associated with. As these flags (‘i’ and ‘r’) aren’t themselves of interest, their default values have been set to nil, which means that they won’t be included in the Hash that maps option names to their values when passed to the method. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#flag-class-method There are quite a few other kinds of options besides flags that can be defined using Ame, but flags are all that are required for this example. We’ll get to the other kinds in later examples. Next we add a “splus” argument. splus 'FILE', String, 'File to remove' A splus¹ argument is like a Ruby “splat”, that is, an Array argument at the end of the argument list to a method preceded by a star, except that a splus requires at least one argument. A splus argument gets a name for the argument (‹FILE›), the type of argument it represents (String), and a description. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#splus-class-method Then we add a description of the command (method) itself: description 'Remove directory entries' Descriptions¹ will be used in help output to assist the user in using the command. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#description-class-method Finally, we add the Ruby method that’ll implement the command (all preceding code included here for completeness): class Rm &lt; Ame::Root version '1.0.0' flag 'f', '', false, 'Do not prompt for confirmation' flag 'i', '', nil, 'Prompt for confirmation' do |options| options['f'] = false end flag 'R', '', false, 'Remove file hierarchies' flag 'r', '', nil, 'Equivalent to -R' do |options| options['r'] = true end splus 'FILE', String, 'File to remove' description 'Remove directory entries' def rm(files, options = {}) require 'fileutils' FileUtils.send options['R'] ? :rm_r : :rm, [first] + rest, :force =&gt; options['f'] end end Actually, another bit of code was also added, namely version '1.0.0' This sets the version¹ String of the command. This information is used when the command is invoked with the “‹--version›” flag. This flag is automatically added, so you don’t need to add it yourself. Another flag, “‹--help›”, is also added automatically. When given, this flag’ll make Ame output usage information of the command. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#version-class-method To actually run the command, all you need to do is invoke Rm.process This’ll invoke the command using the command-line arguments stored in ‹ARGV›, but you can also specify other ones if you want to: Rm.process 'rm', %w[-r /tmp/*] The first argument to #process¹ is the name of the method to invoke, which defaults to ‹File.basename($0)›, and the second argument is an Array of Strings that should be processed as command-line arguments passed to the command. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#process-class-method If you’d store the complete ‹Rm› class defined above in a file called ‹rm› and add ‹#! /usr/bin/ruby -w› at the beginning and ‹Rm.process› at the end, you’d have a fully functional ‹rm› command (after making it executable). Let’s see it in action: % rm --help Usage: rm [OPTIONS]... FILE... Remove directory entries Arguments: FILE... File to remove Options: -R Remove file hierarchies -f Do not prompt for confirmation --help Display help for this method -i Prompt for confirmation -r Equivalent to -R --version Display version information % rm --version rm 1.0.0 Some commands are more complex than ‹rm›. For example, ‹git›¹ has a rather complex command-line interface. We won’t mimic it all here, but let’s introduce the rest of the Ame API using a fake ‹git› clone as an example. ¹ See http://git-scm.com/docs/ ‹Git› uses sub-commands to achieve most things. Implementing sub-commands with Ame is done using a “dispatch”. We’ll discuss dispatches in more detail later, but suffice it to say that a dispatch delegates processing to a child class that’ll handle the sub-command in question. We begin by defining our main ‹git› command using a class called ‹Git› under the ‹Git::CLI› namespace: module Git end class Git::CLI &lt; Ame::Root version '1.0.0' class Git &lt; Ame::Class description 'The stupid content tracker' def initialize; end We’re setting things up to use the ‹Git› class as a dispatch in the ‹Git::CLI› class. The description on the ‹initialize› method will be used as a description of the ‹git› dispatch command itself. Next, let’s add the ‹format-patch›¹ sub-command: description 'Prepare patches for e-mail submission' flag ?n, 'numbered', false, 'Name output in [PATCH n/m] format' flag ?N, 'no-numbered', nil, 'Name output in [PATCH] format' do |options| options['numbered'] = false end toggle ?s, 'signoff', false, 'Add Signed-off-by: line to the commit message' switch '', 'thread', 'STYLE', nil, Ame::Types::Enumeration[:shallow, :deep], 'Controls addition of In-Reply-To and References headers' flag '', 'no-thread', nil, 'Disables addition of In-Reply-To and Reference headers' do |options, _| options.delete 'thread' end option '', 'start-number', 'N', 1, 'Start numbering the patches at N instead of 1' multioption '', 'to', 'ADDRESS', String, 'Add a To: header to the email headers' optional 'SINCE', 'N/A', 'Generate patches for commits after SINCE' def format_patch(since = '', options = {}) p since, options end ¹ See http://git-scm.com/docs/git-format-patch/ We’re using quite a few new Ame commands here. Let’s look at each in turn: toggle ?s, 'signoff', false, 'Add Signed-off-by: line to the commit message' A “toggle”¹ is a flag that also has an inverse. Beyond the flags ‘s’ and “signoff”, the toggle also defines “no-signoff”, which will set “signoff” to false. This is useful if you want to support configuration files that set “signoff”’s default to true, but still allow it to be overridden on the command line. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#toggle-class-method When using the short form of a toggle (and flag and switch), multiple ones may be juxtaposed after the initial one. For example, “‹-sn›” is equivalent to “‹-s -n›” to “git format-patch›”. switch '', 'thread', 'STYLE', nil, Ame::Types::Enumeration[:shallow, :deep], 'Controls addition of In-Reply-To and References headers' A “switch”¹ is an option that takes an optional argument. This allows you to have separate defaults for when the switch isn’t present on the command line and for when it’s given without an argument. The third argument to a switch is the name of the argument. We’re also introducing a new concept here in ‹Ame::Types::Enumeration›. An enumeration² allows you to limit the allowed input to a set of Symbols. An enumeration also has a default value in the first item to its constructor (which is aliased as ‹.[]›). In this case, the “thread” switch defaults to nil, but, when given, will default to ‹:shallow› if no argument is given. If an argument is given it must be either “shallow” or “deep”. A switch isn’t required to take an enumeration as its argument default and can take any kind of default value for its argument that Ame knows how to handle. We’ll look at this in more detail later, but know that the type of the default value will be used to inform Ame how to parse a command-line argument into a Ruby value. An argument to a switch must be given, in this case, as “‹--thread=deep›” on the command line. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#switch-class-method ² See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Types/Enumeration/ option '', 'start-number', 'N', 1, 'Start numbering the patches at N instead of 1' An “option”¹ is an option that takes an argument. The argument must always be present and may be given, in this case, as “‹--start-number=2›” or “‹--start-number 2›” on the command line. For a short-form option, anything that follows the option is seen as an argument, so assuming that “start-number” also had a short name of ‘S’, “‹-S2›” would be equivalent to “‹-S 2›”, which would be equivalent to “‹--start-number 2›”. Note that “‹-snS2›” would still work as expected. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#option-class-method multioption '', 'to', 'ADDRESS', String, 'Add a To: header to the email headers' A “multioption”¹ is an option that takes an argument and may be repeated any number of times. Each argument will be added to an Array stored in the Hash that maps option names to their values. Instead of taking a default argument, it takes a type for the argument (String, in this case). Again, types are used to inform Ame how to parse command-line arguments into Ruby values. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#multioption-class-method optional 'SINCE', 'N/A', 'Generate patches for commits after SINCE' An “optional”¹ argument is an argument that isn’t required. If it’s not present on the command line it’ll get its default value (the String ‹'N/A'›, in this case). ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#optional-class-method We’ve now covered all kinds of options and one new kind of argument. There are three more types of argument (one that we’ve already seen and two new) that we’ll look into now: “argument”, “splat”, and “splus”. description 'Annotate file lines with commit information' argument 'FILE', String, 'File to annotate' def annotate(file) p file end An “argument”¹ is an argument that’s required. If it’s not present on the command line, an error will be raised (and by default reported to the terminal). As it’s required, it doesn’t take a default, but rather a type. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#argument-class-method description 'Add file contents to the index' splat 'PATHSPEC', String, 'Files to add content from' def add(paths) p paths end A “splat”¹ is an argument that’s not required, but may be given any number of times. The type of a splat is the type of one argument and the type of a splat as a whole is an Array of values of that type. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#splat-class-method description 'Display gitattributes information' splus 'PATHNAME', String, 'Files to list attributes of' def check_attr(paths) p paths end A “splus”¹ is an argument that’s required, but may also be given any number of times. The type of a splus is the type of one argument and the type of a splus as a whole is an Array of values of that type. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#splus-class-method Now that we’ve seen all kinds of options and arguments, let’s look on an additional tool at our disposal, the dispatch¹. class Remote &lt; Ame::Class description 'Manage set of remote repositories' def initialize; end description 'Shows a list of existing remotes' flag 'v', 'verbose', false, 'Show remote URL after name' def list(options = {}) p options end description 'Adds a remote named NAME for the repository at URL' argument 'name', String, 'Name of the remote to add' argument 'url', String, 'URL to the repository of the remote to add' def add(name, url) p name, url end end ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#dispatch-class-method Here we’re defining a child class to Git::CLI::Git called “Remote” that doesn’t introduce anything new. Then we set up the dispatch: dispatch Remote, :default =&gt; 'list' This adds a method called “remote” to Git::CLI::Git that will dispatch processing of the command line to an instance of the Remote class when “‹git remote›” is seen on the command line. The “remote” method expects an argument that’ll be used to decide what sub-command to execute. Here we’ve specified that in the absence of such an argument, the “list” method should be invoked. We add the same kind of dispatch to Git under Git::CLI: dispatch Git and then we’re done. Here’s all the previous code in its entirety: module Git end class Git::CLI &lt; Ame::Root version '1.0.0' class Git &lt; Ame::Class description 'The stupid content tracker' def initialize; end description 'Prepare patches for e-mail submission' flag ?n, 'numbered', false, 'Name output in [PATCH n/m] format' flag ?N, 'no-numbered', nil, 'Name output in [PATCH] format' do |options| options['numbered'] = false end toggle ?s, 'signoff', false, 'Add Signed-off-by: line to the commit message' switch '', 'thread', 'STYLE', nil, Ame::Types::Enumeration[:shallow, :deep], 'Controls addition of In-Reply-To and References headers' flag '', 'no-thread', nil, 'Disables addition of In-Reply-To and Reference headers' do |options, _| options.delete 'thread' end option '', 'start-number', 'N', 1, 'Start numbering the patches at N instead of 1' multioption '', 'to', 'ADDRESS', String, 'Add a To: header to the email headers' optional 'SINCE', 'N/A', 'Generate patches for commits after SINCE' def format_patch(since = '', options = {}) p since, options end description 'Annotate file lines with commit information' argument 'FILE', String, 'File to annotate' def annotate(file) p file end description 'Add file contents to the index' splat 'PATHSPEC', String, 'Files to add content from' def add(paths) p paths end description 'Display gitattributes information' splus 'PATHNAME', String, 'Files to list attributes of' def check_attr(paths) p paths end class Remote &lt; Ame::Class description 'Manage set of remote repositories' def initialize; end description 'Shows a list of existing remotes' flag 'v', 'verbose', false, 'Show remote URL after name' def list(options = {}) p options end description 'Adds a remote named NAME for the repository at URL' argument 'name', String, 'Name of the remote to add' argument 'url', String, 'URL to the repository of the remote to add' def add(name, url) p name, url end end dispatch Remote, :default =&gt; 'list' end dispatch Git end If we put this code in a file called “git” and add ‹#! /usr/bin/ruby -w› at the beginning and ‹Git::CLI.process› at the end, you’ll have a very incomplete git command-line interface on your hands. Let’s look at what some of its ‹--help› output looks like: % git --help Usage: git [OPTIONS]... METHOD [ARGUMENTS]... The stupid content tracker Arguments: METHOD Method to run [ARGUMENTS]... Arguments to pass to METHOD Options: --help Display help for this method --version Display version information Methods: add Add file contents to the index annotate Annotate file lines with commit information check-attr Display gitattributes information format-patch Prepare patches for e-mail submission remote Manage set of remote repositories % git format-patch --help Usage: git format-patch [OPTIONS]... [SINCE] Prepare patches for e-mail submission Arguments: [SINCE=N/A] Generate patches for commits after SINCE Options: -N, --no-numbered Name output in [PATCH] format --help Display help for this method -n, --numbered Name output in [PATCH n/m] format --no-thread Disables addition of In-Reply-To and Reference headers -s, --signoff Add Signed-off-by: line to the commit message --start-number=N Start numbering the patches at N instead of 1 --thread[=STYLE] Controls addition of In-Reply-To and References headers --to=ADDRESS* Add a To: header to the email headers % git remote --help Usage: git remote [OPTIONS]... [METHOD] [ARGUMENTS]... Manage set of remote repositories Arguments: [METHOD=list] Method to run [ARGUMENTS]... Arguments to pass to METHOD Options: --help Display help for this method Methods: add Adds a remote named NAME for the repository at URL list Shows a list of existing remotes § API The previous section gave an introduction to the whole user API in an informal and introductory way. For an indepth reference to the user API, see the {user API documentation}¹. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/ If you want to extend the API or use it in some way other than as a command-line-interface writer, see the {developer API documentation}¹. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/developer/Ame/ § Financing Currently, most of my time is spent at my day job and in my rather busy private life. Please motivate me to spend time on this piece of software by donating some of your money to this project. Yeah, I realize that requesting money to develop software is a bit, well, capitalistic of me. But please realize that I live in a capitalistic society and I need money to have other people give me the things that I need to continue living under the rules of said society. So, if you feel that this piece of software has helped you out enough to warrant a reward, please PayPal a donation to now@disu.se¹. Thanks! Your support won’t go unnoticed! ¹ Send a donation: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_donations&amp;business=now@disu.se&amp;item_name=Ame § Reporting Bugs Please report any bugs that you encounter to the {issue tracker}¹. ¹ See https://github.com/now/ame/issues § Authors Nikolai Weibull wrote the code, the tests, the documentation, and this README. § Licensing Ame is free software: you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the {GNU Lesser General Public License, version 3}¹ or later², as published by the {Free Software Foundation}³. ¹ See http://disu.se/licenses/lgpl-3.0/ ² See http://gnu.org/licenses/ ³ See http://fsf.org/

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