Express style path to RegExp utility
A high-level API to automate web browsers
A high-level API to automate web browsers
Word Processing Document library
test for inclusion or exclusion of paths using globs
Better streaming static file server with Range and conditional-GET support
Validate an email address according to RFCs 5321, 5322, and others
Resolve the path of a module like `require.resolve()` but from a given path
Unpipe a stream from all destinations
parse a url with memoization
HTTP response freshness testing
Efficient implementation of Levenshtein algorithm with locale-specific collator support.
Generates a hash for an installed npm package, useful for salting caches
Normalize CSS Selectors
Manipulate the HTTP Vary header
JSDoc parser
HTTP methods that node supports
Simple streaming readline module.
Create simple HTTP ETags
HTTP proxying for the masses
Node.js Buffer API, for the browser
return the first event in a set of ee/event pairs
ECMAScript parsing infrastructure for multipurpose analysis
Range header field string parser
== Baf baf helps writing an user acceptance test suite with a dedicated library and cucumber steps. It can run and wait for programs in a modified environment, verify the exit status, the output streams and other side effects. It also supports interactive programs and writing to their standard input. Then, it provides a DSL to write the CLI: require 'baf/cli' module MyProgram class CLI < Baf::CLI def setup flag_version '0.1.2'.freeze option :c, :config, 'config', 'specify config file' do |path| @config_path = path end end def run usage! unless arguments.any? puts 'arguments: %s' % arguments puts 'config: %s' % @config_path if @config_path end end end MyProgram::CLI.run ARGV Which behaves this way: % ./my_program Usage: my_program [options] options: -c, --config config specify config file -h, --help print this message -V, --version print version zsh: exit 64 ./my_program % ./my_program --wrong-arg Usage: my_program [options] options: -c, --config config specify config file -h, --help print this message -V, --version print version zsh: exit 64 ./my_program --wrong-arg % ./my_program foo arguments ["foo"] % ./my_program -c some_file foo arguments ["foo"] config path some_file
$Id: README.txt 204 2010-11-30 02:20:04Z pwilkins $ sm-transcript reads results of SLS processing and produces transcripts for the SpokenMedia browser. For each file in the source folder whose extension matches the source type, a file of destination type is created in the destination folder. All of these parameters have default values. Note: Examples of the commands you enter in the terminal are for *nix. The command prompt in the examples is: felix$ <command line> If you are a Windows user, make the usual adjustments. Requirements: sm-transcript is written in Ruby and packaged as a RubyGem. Since Ruby is not a compiled language, you will need to have Ruby installed on your machine to run sm-transcript. You can determine if Ruby is installed by typing "ruby -v" at a terminal prompt. It should return the version of Ruby that is installed. If Ruby is not installed on your machine, navigate to http://www.ruby-lang.org/ and follow the installation instructions. sm-transcript was developed using Ruby 1.8. Other Ruby versions have not been tested as of this release. Installation: You can get sm-transcript as either a RubyGem or as source from svn. The preferred way to install this package is as a Rubygem. You can download and install the gem with this command: felix$ sudo gem install [--verbose] sm-transcript This command downloads the most recent version of the gem from rubygems.org and makes it active. Previous versions of the gem remain installed, but are deactivated. You must use "sudo" to properly install the gem. If you execute "gem install" (omitting the "sudo") the gem is installed in your home gem repository and it isn't in your path without additional configuration. Note: You need sudo privileges to run the command as written. If you can't sudo, then you can install it locally and will need some additional configuration. Contact me (or your local Ruby wizard) for assistance. The executable is now in your path. You can cleanly uninstall the gem with this command: felix$ sudo gem uninstall sm-transcript If you have access to our svn repository, you are welcome to check out the code. Be warned that the trunk tip is not necessarily stable. It changes frequently as enhancements (and bug fixes) are added. (note that the 'smb_transcript' in the command line below is not a typo.) svn co svn+ssh://svn.mit.edu/oeit-tsa/SMB/smb_transcript/trunk sm_transcript build the gem by running this command from the directory you installed the source. This is what it looks like on my machine: felix$ rake gem The gem will be built and put in ./pkg You can now use the gem installation instructions above. Using the App: Run with no command line parameters, the app reads *.wrd files out of ./results and writes *.t1.html files to ./transcripts. These directories are relative to where sm_transcript is called. Note: destination files are overwritten without a warning prompt. If you want to preserve an existing output file, rename it before running the app again. For example, run the app by navigating to the bin folder and enter projects/sm_transcript/bin felix$ sm_transcript This command run from this folder will read *.wrd files from bin/results and write *-t1.html to bin/transcripts. Usage: sm_transcript [options] --srcdir PATH Read files from this folder (Default: ./results) --destdir PATH Write files to this folder (Default: ./transcripts) --srctype wrd | seg | txt | ttml | srt Kind of file to process (Default: wrd) --desttype html | ttml | datajs | json Kind of file to output (Default: html) -h, --help Show this message There is a serious gotch'a in specifying the srctype parameter: it must match the case of the file extension that you're processing. This means that if the srt files that you are processing have the extension .SRT, then you must specify the srctype as "SRT". Pretty lame, I know. I will update the gem with a fix shortly. My apologies until then. Troubleshooting: sm-transcript requires additional gems to operate. The RubyGem installation should install dependencies automatically, but when it doesn't, you get an error that includes ... no such file to load -- builder (LoadError) in the first few lines when you run sm-transcript, the problem is a missing dependent gem. (the error above indicates that the Builder gem is missing.) Try installing the missing gem. For the error above, the command looks like this on my computer: felix$ sudo gem install builder See "Required Gems" below for more information. A warning message such as: "WARNING: Nokogiri was built against LibXML version 2.7.6, but has dynamically loaded 2.7.7"" may be safely ignored. If you continue to have trouble, feel free to contact me. Upgrading: You can easily upgrade by simply executing the same command you used to install the gem. Running install again will add the newer version and make it active. By default the most recent version is used, but older versions are still available, simply inactive. If are using svn, you should already know what to do. Required Gems: builder - create structured data, such as XML extensions - added for the 'require_relative' command. (To get this command in Ruby 1.8 you need to install this gem, for Ruby 1.9 the command is already part of the core.) htmlentities - html parsing json - create JSON structured data nokogiri - xml parsing library optparse - option parsing of command line ostruct - open data structures ppcommand - pp is a pretty printer. It is used only for debugging rake - make for Ruby rubygems - support for gems (shouldn't be needed for Ruby 1.9) shoulda - enhancement for Test::Unit This command installs gems on OSX and Linux: felix$ sudo gem install <gem name> I recommend running the following command to update to latest version of rubygems before loading new gems. felix$ sudo gem update --system Unit Tests: You may run all unit tests by navigating to the test folder and running rake with no parameters (the default rake task runs all tests). On my computer, it looks like this: projects/sm_transcript/test felix$ rake Release Notes: Initial Version - runs under Ruby 1.8.x. version 0.0.4 - fixes bug when processing .WRD files with CRLF line endings. version 0.0.5 - removed due to posting error version 0.0.6 - added srctype of ttml and desttype of json, fixed bug where beginning time of word was actually for previous word. version 0.0.7 - added srt as srctype version 0.0.8 - fixed bug that dropped last phrase from transcripts version 1.0.0 - declared this version 1.0.0 to conform more closely with gem numbering conventions. All tests run successfully. To Do: - specify individual files for processing rather than folders - fix bug in srt processing: can't read Creole srt content. - allow user to modify the "t1" file extension for addition languages of the same transcript. - update code to run under Ruby 1.9
# mdtoc - Markdown Table of Contents Read Markdown files and output a table of contents. ## Installation Requirements: * [Ruby](https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/) (see [.ruby-version](./.ruby-version)) ```bash gem install mdtoc ``` ## Usage ```bash mdtoc --help Usage: mdtoc [options] files or directories... -h, --help Show this message -o, --output PATH Update a table of contents in the file at PATH -a, --[no-]append Append to the --output file if a <!-- mdtoc --> tag isn't found -c, --[no-]create Create the --output file if it does not exist ``` 1. Add a `<!-- mdtoc -->` tag to a Markdown file. ```bash echo '<!-- mdtoc -->' >> README.md ``` 2. Run `mdtoc` and specify input files or directories (eg. the "test/samples" directory) and an output file (eg. "README.md"). ```bash mdtoc -aco README.md test/samples ``` ## Example Rakefile Create a `Rakefile` with the contents below, then run [`rake`](https://github.com/ruby/rake) to: * `git pull` * `git add` any `*.md` files * Run `mdtoc` to update the generated table of contents in the ./README.md file * Git commit and push any changes ```ruby task default: %w[mdtoc] desc 'Update Markdown table of contents and push changes to the git repository' task :mdtoc do command = <<~CMD set -e if [ -n "$(git diff --name-only --diff-filter=U)" ]; then echo 'Error: conflicts exist' >&2 exit 1 fi mdtoc --append --create --output README.md docs/ git add *.md **/*.md git commit -qm 'Update TOC' || true git pull git push CMD sh command, verbose: false do |ok, status| unless ok fail "Failed with status: #{status.exitstatus}" end end end ``` See [andornaut/til](https://github.com/andornaut/til/blob/master/Rakefile) for an example. ## Development ### Setup Requirements: * [Bundler](https://bundler.io/) * [chruby](https://github.com/postmodern/chruby) (recommended) ```bash # Setup development environment bin/setup ``` ### Tasks ```bash # List rake tasks rake -T rake build # Build gem into the pkg directory rake default # Run the build, rubocop, sorbet and test tasks rake install # Build and install gem into system gems rake rubocop # Run RuboCop rake sorbet # Run the Sorbet type checker rake test # Run tests # Run mdtoc with test inputs ruby -Ilib bin/mdtoc test/samples # Run mdtoc with test inputs, and write to a newly created output file f=$(mktemp) && ruby -Ilib bin/mdtoc -aco ${f} test/samples ; cat ${f} ``` ### Publishing 1. Bump version in `lib/mdtoc/version.rb` 2. Run `bundle install` to update `Gemfile.lock` 3. Commit the changes 4. Run `rake release` to publish the gem to RubyGems, create the git tag, and push
This documentation describes LaunchDarkly's REST API. To access the complete OpenAPI spec directly, use [Get OpenAPI spec](https://launchdarkly.com/docs/api/other/get-openapi-spec). To learn how to use LaunchDarkly using the user interface (UI) instead, read our [product documentation](https://launchdarkly.com/docs/home). ## Authentication LaunchDarkly's REST API uses the HTTPS protocol with a minimum TLS version of 1.2. All REST API resources are authenticated with either [personal or service access tokens](https://launchdarkly.com/docs/home/account/api), or session cookies. Other authentication mechanisms are not supported. You can manage personal access tokens on your [**Authorization**](https://app.launchdarkly.com/settings/authorization) page in the LaunchDarkly UI. LaunchDarkly also has SDK keys, mobile keys, and client-side IDs that are used by our server-side SDKs, mobile SDKs, and JavaScript-based SDKs, respectively. **These keys cannot be used to access our REST API**. These keys are environment-specific, and can only perform read-only operations such as fetching feature flag settings. | Auth mechanism | Allowed resources | Use cases | | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------- | | [Personal or service access tokens](https://launchdarkly.com/docs/home/account/api) | Can be customized on a per-token basis | Building scripts, custom integrations, data export. | | SDK keys | Can only access read-only resources specific to server-side SDKs. Restricted to a single environment. | Server-side SDKs | | Mobile keys | Can only access read-only resources specific to mobile SDKs, and only for flags marked available to mobile keys. Restricted to a single environment. | Mobile SDKs | | Client-side ID | Can only access read-only resources specific to JavaScript-based client-side SDKs, and only for flags marked available to client-side. Restricted to a single environment. | Client-side JavaScript | > #### Keep your access tokens and SDK keys private > > Access tokens should _never_ be exposed in untrusted contexts. Never put an access token in client-side JavaScript, or embed it in a mobile application. LaunchDarkly has special mobile keys that you can embed in mobile apps. If you accidentally expose an access token or SDK key, you can reset it from your [**Authorization**](https://app.launchdarkly.com/settings/authorization) page. > > The client-side ID is safe to embed in untrusted contexts. It's designed for use in client-side JavaScript. ### Authentication using request header The preferred way to authenticate with the API is by adding an `Authorization` header containing your access token to your requests. The value of the `Authorization` header must be your access token. Manage personal access tokens from the [**Authorization**](https://app.launchdarkly.com/settings/authorization) page. ### Authentication using session cookie For testing purposes, you can make API calls directly from your web browser. If you are logged in to the LaunchDarkly application, the API will use your existing session to authenticate calls. Depending on the permissions granted as part of your [role](https://launchdarkly.com/docs/home/account/roles), you may not have permission to perform some API calls. You will receive a `401` response code in that case. > ### Modifying the Origin header causes an error > > LaunchDarkly validates that the Origin header for any API request authenticated by a session cookie matches the expected Origin header. The expected Origin header is `https://app.launchdarkly.com`. > > If the Origin header does not match what's expected, LaunchDarkly returns an error. This error can prevent the LaunchDarkly app from working correctly. > > Any browser extension that intentionally changes the Origin header can cause this problem. For example, the `Allow-Control-Allow-Origin: *` Chrome extension changes the Origin header to `http://evil.com` and causes the app to fail. > > To prevent this error, do not modify your Origin header. > > LaunchDarkly does not require origin matching when authenticating with an access token, so this issue does not affect normal API usage. ## Representations All resources expect and return JSON response bodies. Error responses also send a JSON body. To learn more about the error format of the API, read [Errors](https://launchdarkly.com/docs/api#errors). In practice this means that you always get a response with a `Content-Type` header set to `application/json`. In addition, request bodies for `PATCH`, `POST`, and `PUT` requests must be encoded as JSON with a `Content-Type` header set to `application/json`. ### Summary and detailed representations When you fetch a list of resources, the response includes only the most important attributes of each resource. This is a _summary representation_ of the resource. When you fetch an individual resource, such as a single feature flag, you receive a _detailed representation_ of the resource. The best way to find a detailed representation is to follow links. Every summary representation includes a link to its detailed representation. ### Expanding responses Sometimes the detailed representation of a resource does not include all of the attributes of the resource by default. If this is the case, the request method will clearly document this and describe which attributes you can include in an expanded response. To include the additional attributes, append the `expand` request parameter to your request and add a comma-separated list of the attributes to include. For example, when you append `?expand=members,maintainers` to the [Get team](https://launchdarkly.com/docs/api/teams/get-team) endpoint, the expanded response includes both of these attributes. ### Links and addressability The best way to navigate the API is by following links. These are attributes in representations that link to other resources. The API always uses the same format for links: - Links to other resources within the API are encapsulated in a `_links` object - If the resource has a corresponding link to HTML content on the site, it is stored in a special `_site` link Each link has two attributes: - An `href`, which contains the URL - A `type`, which describes the content type For example, a feature resource might return the following: ```json { "_links": { "parent": { "href": "/api/features", "type": "application/json" }, "self": { "href": "/api/features/sort.order", "type": "application/json" } }, "_site": { "href": "/features/sort.order", "type": "text/html" } } ``` From this, you can navigate to the parent collection of features by following the `parent` link, or navigate to the site page for the feature by following the `_site` link. Collections are always represented as a JSON object with an `items` attribute containing an array of representations. Like all other representations, collections have `_links` defined at the top level. Paginated collections include `first`, `last`, `next`, and `prev` links containing a URL with the respective set of elements in the collection. ## Updates Resources that accept partial updates use the `PATCH` verb. Most resources support the [JSON patch](https://launchdarkly.com/docs/api#updates-using-json-patch) format. Some resources also support the [JSON merge patch](https://launchdarkly.com/docs/api#updates-using-json-merge-patch) format, and some resources support the [semantic patch](https://launchdarkly.com/docs/api#updates-using-semantic-patch) format, which is a way to specify the modifications to perform as a set of executable instructions. Each resource supports optional [comments](https://launchdarkly.com/docs/api#updates-with-comments) that you can submit with updates. Comments appear in outgoing webhooks, the audit log, and other integrations. When a resource supports both JSON patch and semantic patch, we document both in the request method. However, the specific request body fields and descriptions included in our documentation only match one type of patch or the other. ### Updates using JSON patch [JSON patch](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6902) is a way to specify the modifications to perform on a resource. JSON patch uses paths and a limited set of operations to describe how to transform the current state of the resource into a new state. JSON patch documents are always arrays, where each element contains an operation, a path to the field to update, and the new value. For example, in this feature flag representation: ```json { "name": "New recommendations engine", "key": "engine.enable", "description": "This is the description", ... } ``` You can change the feature flag's description with the following patch document: ```json [{ "op": "replace", "path": "/description", "value": "This is the new description" }] ``` You can specify multiple modifications to perform in a single request. You can also test that certain preconditions are met before applying the patch: ```json [ { "op": "test", "path": "/version", "value": 10 }, { "op": "replace", "path": "/description", "value": "The new description" } ] ``` The above patch request tests whether the feature flag's `version` is `10`, and if so, changes the feature flag's description. Attributes that are not editable, such as a resource's `_links`, have names that start with an underscore. ### Updates using JSON merge patch [JSON merge patch](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7386) is another format for specifying the modifications to perform on a resource. JSON merge patch is less expressive than JSON patch. However, in many cases it is simpler to construct a merge patch document. For example, you can change a feature flag's description with the following merge patch document: ```json { "description": "New flag description" } ``` ### Updates using semantic patch Some resources support the semantic patch format. A semantic patch is a way to specify the modifications to perform on a resource as a set of executable instructions. Semantic patch allows you to be explicit about intent using precise, custom instructions. In many cases, you can define semantic patch instructions independently of the current state of the resource. This can be useful when defining a change that may be applied at a future date. To make a semantic patch request, you must append `domain-model=launchdarkly.semanticpatch` to your `Content-Type` header. Here's how: ``` Content-Type: application/json; domain-model=launchdarkly.semanticpatch ``` If you call a semantic patch resource without this header, you will receive a `400` response because your semantic patch will be interpreted as a JSON patch. The body of a semantic patch request takes the following properties: * `comment` (string): (Optional) A description of the update. * `environmentKey` (string): (Required for some resources only) The environment key. * `instructions` (array): (Required) A list of actions the update should perform. Each action in the list must be an object with a `kind` property that indicates the instruction. If the instruction requires parameters, you must include those parameters as additional fields in the object. The documentation for each resource that supports semantic patch includes the available instructions and any additional parameters. For example: ```json { "comment": "optional comment", "instructions": [ {"kind": "turnFlagOn"} ] } ``` Semantic patches are not applied partially; either all of the instructions are applied or none of them are. If **any** instruction is invalid, the endpoint returns an error and will not change the resource. If all instructions are valid, the request succeeds and the resources are updated if necessary, or left unchanged if they are already in the state you request. ### Updates with comments You can submit optional comments with `PATCH` changes. To submit a comment along with a JSON patch document, use the following format: ```json { "comment": "This is a comment string", "patch": [{ "op": "replace", "path": "/description", "value": "The new description" }] } ``` To submit a comment along with a JSON merge patch document, use the following format: ```json { "comment": "This is a comment string", "merge": { "description": "New flag description" } } ``` To submit a comment along with a semantic patch, use the following format: ```json { "comment": "This is a comment string", "instructions": [ {"kind": "turnFlagOn"} ] } ``` ## Errors The API always returns errors in a common format. Here's an example: ```json { "code": "invalid_request", "message": "A feature with that key already exists", "id": "30ce6058-87da-11e4-b116-123b93f75cba" } ``` The `code` indicates the general class of error. The `message` is a human-readable explanation of what went wrong. The `id` is a unique identifier. Use it when you're working with LaunchDarkly Support to debug a problem with a specific API call. ### HTTP status error response codes | Code | Definition | Description | Possible Solution | | ---- | ----------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------- | | 400 | Invalid request | The request cannot be understood. | Ensure JSON syntax in request body is correct. | | 401 | Invalid access token | Requestor is unauthorized or does not have permission for this API call. | Ensure your API access token is valid and has the appropriate permissions. | | 403 | Forbidden | Requestor does not have access to this resource. | Ensure that the account member or access token has proper permissions set. | | 404 | Invalid resource identifier | The requested resource is not valid. | Ensure that the resource is correctly identified by ID or key. | | 405 | Method not allowed | The request method is not allowed on this resource. | Ensure that the HTTP verb is correct. | | 409 | Conflict | The API request can not be completed because it conflicts with a concurrent API request. | Retry your request. | | 422 | Unprocessable entity | The API request can not be completed because the update description can not be understood. | Ensure that the request body is correct for the type of patch you are using, either JSON patch or semantic patch. | 429 | Too many requests | Read [Rate limiting](https://launchdarkly.com/docs/api#rate-limiting). | Wait and try again later. | ## CORS The LaunchDarkly API supports Cross Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) for AJAX requests from any origin. If an `Origin` header is given in a request, it will be echoed as an explicitly allowed origin. Otherwise the request returns a wildcard, `Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *`. For more information on CORS, read the [CORS W3C Recommendation](http://www.w3.org/TR/cors). Example CORS headers might look like: ```http Access-Control-Allow-Headers: Accept, Content-Type, Content-Length, Accept-Encoding, Authorization Access-Control-Allow-Methods: OPTIONS, GET, DELETE, PATCH Access-Control-Allow-Origin: * Access-Control-Max-Age: 300 ``` You can make authenticated CORS calls just as you would make same-origin calls, using either [token or session-based authentication](https://launchdarkly.com/docs/api#authentication). If you are using session authentication, you should set the `withCredentials` property for your `xhr` request to `true`. You should never expose your access tokens to untrusted entities. ## Rate limiting We use several rate limiting strategies to ensure the availability of our APIs. Rate-limited calls to our APIs return a `429` status code. Calls to our APIs include headers indicating the current rate limit status. The specific headers returned depend on the API route being called. The limits differ based on the route, authentication mechanism, and other factors. Routes that are not rate limited may not contain any of the headers described below. > ### Rate limiting and SDKs > > LaunchDarkly SDKs are never rate limited and do not use the API endpoints defined here. LaunchDarkly uses a different set of approaches, including streaming/server-sent events and a global CDN, to ensure availability to the routes used by LaunchDarkly SDKs. ### Global rate limits Authenticated requests are subject to a global limit. This is the maximum number of calls that your account can make to the API per ten seconds. All service and personal access tokens on the account share this limit, so exceeding the limit with one access token will impact other tokens. Calls that are subject to global rate limits may return the headers below: | Header name | Description | | ------------------------------ | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | `X-Ratelimit-Global-Remaining` | The maximum number of requests the account is permitted to make per ten seconds. | | `X-Ratelimit-Reset` | The time at which the current rate limit window resets in epoch milliseconds. | We do not publicly document the specific number of calls that can be made globally. This limit may change, and we encourage clients to program against the specification, relying on the two headers defined above, rather than hardcoding to the current limit. ### Route-level rate limits Some authenticated routes have custom rate limits. These also reset every ten seconds. Any service or personal access tokens hitting the same route share this limit, so exceeding the limit with one access token may impact other tokens. Calls that are subject to route-level rate limits return the headers below: | Header name | Description | | ----------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | `X-Ratelimit-Route-Remaining` | The maximum number of requests to the current route the account is permitted to make per ten seconds. | | `X-Ratelimit-Reset` | The time at which the current rate limit window resets in epoch milliseconds. | A _route_ represents a specific URL pattern and verb. For example, the [Delete environment](https://launchdarkly.com/docs/api/environments/delete-environment) endpoint is considered a single route, and each call to delete an environment counts against your route-level rate limit for that route. We do not publicly document the specific number of calls that an account can make to each endpoint per ten seconds. These limits may change, and we encourage clients to program against the specification, relying on the two headers defined above, rather than hardcoding to the current limits. ### IP-based rate limiting We also employ IP-based rate limiting on some API routes. If you hit an IP-based rate limit, your API response will include a `Retry-After` header indicating how long to wait before re-trying the call. Clients must wait at least `Retry-After` seconds before making additional calls to our API, and should employ jitter and backoff strategies to avoid triggering rate limits again. ## OpenAPI (Swagger) and client libraries We have a [complete OpenAPI (Swagger) specification](https://app.launchdarkly.com/api/v2/openapi.json) for our API. We auto-generate multiple client libraries based on our OpenAPI specification. To learn more, visit the [collection of client libraries on GitHub](https://github.com/search?q=topic%3Alaunchdarkly-api+org%3Alaunchdarkly&type=Repositories). Alternatively, you can use the specification to generate client libraries to interact with our REST API in your language of choice. Or, you can refer to our API endpoints' documentation for guidance on how to make requests with a common HTTP library in your language of choice. Our OpenAPI specification is supported by several API-based tools such as Postman and Insomnia. In many cases, you can directly import our specification to explore our APIs. ## Method overriding Some firewalls and HTTP clients restrict the use of verbs other than `GET` and `POST`. In those environments, our API endpoints that use `DELETE`, `PATCH`, and `PUT` verbs are inaccessible. To avoid this issue, our API supports the `X-HTTP-Method-Override` header, allowing clients to "tunnel" `DELETE`, `PATCH`, and `PUT` requests using a `POST` request. For example, to call a `PATCH` endpoint using a `POST` request, you can include `X-HTTP-Method-Override:PATCH` as a header. ## Beta resources We sometimes release new API resources in **beta** status before we release them with general availability. Resources that are in beta are still undergoing testing and development. They may change without notice, including becoming backwards incompatible. We try to promote resources into general availability as quickly as possible. This happens after sufficient testing and when we're satisfied that we no longer need to make backwards-incompatible changes. We mark beta resources with a "Beta" callout in our documentation, pictured below: > ### This feature is in beta > > To use this feature, pass in a header including the `LD-API-Version` key with value set to `beta`. Use this header with each call. To learn more, read [Beta resources](https://launchdarkly.com/docs/api#beta-resources). > > Resources that are in beta are still undergoing testing and development. They may change without notice, including becoming backwards incompatible. ### Using beta resources To use a beta resource, you must include a header in the request. If you call a beta resource without this header, you receive a `403` response. Use this header: ``` LD-API-Version: beta ``` ## Federal and EU environments In addition to the commercial versions, LaunchDarkly offers instances for federal agencies and those based in the European Union (EU). ### Federal environments The version of LaunchDarkly that is available on domains controlled by the United States government is different from the version of LaunchDarkly available to the general public. If you are an employee or contractor for a United States federal agency and use LaunchDarkly in your work, you likely use the federal instance of LaunchDarkly. If you are working in the federal instance of LaunchDarkly, the base URI for each request is `https://app.launchdarkly.us`. To learn more, read [LaunchDarkly in federal environments](https://launchdarkly.com/docs/home/infrastructure/federal). ### EU environments The version of LaunchDarkly that is available in the EU is different from the version of LaunchDarkly available to other regions. If you are based in the EU, you likely use the EU instance of LaunchDarkly. The LaunchDarkly EU instance complies with EU data residency principles, including the protection and confidentiality of EU customer information. If you are working in the EU instance of LaunchDarkly, the base URI for each request is `https://app.eu.launchdarkly.com`. To learn more, read [LaunchDarkly in the European Union (EU)](https://launchdarkly.com/docs/home/infrastructure/eu). ## Versioning We try hard to keep our REST API backwards compatible, but we occasionally have to make backwards-incompatible changes in the process of shipping new features. These breaking changes can cause unexpected behavior if you don't prepare for them accordingly. Updates to our REST API include support for the latest features in LaunchDarkly. We also release a new version of our REST API every time we make a breaking change. We provide simultaneous support for multiple API versions so you can migrate from your current API version to a new version at your own pace. ### Setting the API version per request You can set the API version on a specific request by sending an `LD-API-Version` header, as shown in the example below: ``` LD-API-Version: 20240415 ``` The header value is the version number of the API version you would like to request. The number for each version corresponds to the date the version was released in `yyyymmdd` format. In the example above the version `20240415` corresponds to April 15, 2024. ### Setting the API version per access token When you create an access token, you must specify a specific version of the API to use. This ensures that integrations using this token cannot be broken by version changes. Tokens created before versioning was released have their version set to `20160426`, which is the version of the API that existed before the current versioning scheme, so that they continue working the same way they did before versioning. If you would like to upgrade your integration to use a new API version, you can explicitly set the header described above. > ### Best practice: Set the header for every client or integration > > We recommend that you set the API version header explicitly in any client or integration you build. > > Only rely on the access token API version during manual testing. ### API version changelog <table> <tr> <th>Version</th> <th>Changes</th> <th>End of life (EOL)</th> </tr> <tr> <td>`20240415`</td> <td> <ul><li>Changed several endpoints from unpaginated to paginated. Use the `limit` and `offset` query parameters to page through the results.</li> <li>Changed the [list access tokens](https://launchdarkly.com/docs/api/access-tokens/get-tokens) endpoint: <ul><li>Response is now paginated with a default limit of `25`</li></ul></li> <li>Changed the [list account members](https://launchdarkly.com/docs/api/account-members/get-members) endpoint: <ul><li>The `accessCheck` filter is no longer available</li></ul></li> <li>Changed the [list custom roles](https://launchdarkly.com/docs/api/custom-roles/get-custom-roles) endpoint: <ul><li>Response is now paginated with a default limit of `20`</li></ul></li> <li>Changed the [list feature flags](https://launchdarkly.com/docs/api/feature-flags/get-feature-flags) endpoint: <ul><li>Response is now paginated with a default limit of `20`</li><li>The `environments` field is now only returned if the request is filtered by environment, using the `filterEnv` query parameter</li><li>The `followerId`, `hasDataExport`, `status`, `contextKindTargeted`, and `segmentTargeted` filters are no longer available</li><li>The `compare` query parameter is no longer available</li></ul></li> <li>Changed the [list segments](https://launchdarkly.com/docs/api/segments/get-segments) endpoint: <ul><li>Response is now paginated with a default limit of `20`</li></ul></li> <li>Changed the [list teams](https://launchdarkly.com/docs/api/teams/get-teams) endpoint: <ul><li>The `expand` parameter no longer supports including `projects` or `roles`</li><li>In paginated results, the maximum page size is now 100</li></ul></li> <li>Changed the [get workflows](https://launchdarkly.com/docs/api/workflows/get-workflows) endpoint: <ul><li>Response is now paginated with a default limit of `20`</li><li>The `_conflicts` field in the response is no longer available</li></ul></li> </ul> </td> <td>Current</td> </tr> <tr> <td>`20220603`</td> <td> <ul><li>Changed the [list projects](https://launchdarkly.com/docs/api/projects/get-projects) return value:<ul><li>Response is now paginated with a default limit of `20`.</li><li>Added support for filter and sort.</li><li>The project `environments` field is now expandable. This field is omitted by default.</li></ul></li><li>Changed the [get project](https://launchdarkly.com/docs/api/projects/get-project) return value:<ul><li>The `environments` field is now expandable. This field is omitted by default.</li></ul></li></ul> </td> <td>2025-04-15</td> </tr> <tr> <td>`20210729`</td> <td> <ul><li>Changed the [create approval request](https://launchdarkly.com/docs/api/approvals/post-approval-request) return value. It now returns HTTP Status Code `201` instead of `200`.</li><li> Changed the [get user](https://launchdarkly.com/docs/api/users/get-user) return value. It now returns a user record, not a user. </li><li>Added additional optional fields to environment, segments, flags, members, and segments, including the ability to create big segments. </li><li> Added default values for flag variations when new environments are created. </li><li>Added filtering and pagination for getting flags and members, including `limit`, `number`, `filter`, and `sort` query parameters. </li><li>Added endpoints for expiring user targets for flags and segments, scheduled changes, access tokens, Relay Proxy configuration, integrations and subscriptions, and approvals. </li></ul> </td> <td>2023-06-03</td> </tr> <tr> <td>`20191212`</td> <td> <ul><li>[List feature flags](https://launchdarkly.com/docs/api/feature-flags/get-feature-flags) now defaults to sending summaries of feature flag configurations, equivalent to setting the query parameter `summary=true`. Summaries omit flag targeting rules and individual user targets from the payload. </li><li> Added endpoints for flags, flag status, projects, environments, audit logs, members, users, custom roles, segments, usage, streams, events, and data export. </li></ul> </td> <td>2022-07-29</td> </tr> <tr> <td>`20160426`</td> <td> <ul><li>Initial versioning of API. Tokens created before versioning have their version set to this.</li></ul> </td> <td>2020-12-12</td> </tr> </table> To learn more about how EOL is determined, read LaunchDarkly's [End of Life (EOL) Policy](https://launchdarkly.com/policies/end-of-life-policy/).
# CheckChefConverge This is a Nagios/Sensu check that can check if nodes returned from a chef search have converged recently. ## Installation Add this line to your application's Gemfile: ```ruby gem 'check_chef_converge' ``` And then execute: $ bundle Or install it yourself as: $ gem install check_chef_converge ## Usage ``` Usage: check_chef_converge -w, --warn-minutes MINUTES Warning when chef has not converged in minutes.Default 65 -c, --crit-minutes MINUTES Critical when chef has not converged in minutes.Default 70 -q, --query SEARCH Chef query to filter on. Default 'fqdn:travis-work-mbp.local' --chef-client-config CONFIG Chef client configuration. --chef-server-url URL Chef Server URL. Must pass client-name and client-key or client-key-file with this option. --chef-client-name NAME Chef Client Name. Only used with server-url --chef-client-key KEY Chef Client Key (string). Only used with server-url. Takes precedence over client-key-file. --chef-client-key-file PATH Chef Client Key File. Only used with server-url -h, --help Show this message --version Show version ``` ## Development After checking out the repo, run `bin/setup` to install dependencies. Then, run `rake spec` to run the tests. You can also run `bin/console` for an interactive prompt that will allow you to experiment. To install this gem onto your local machine, run `bundle exec rake install`. To release a new version, update the version number in `version.rb`, and then run `bundle exec rake release`, which will create a git tag for the version, push git commits and tags, and push the `.gem` file to [rubygems.org](https://rubygems.org). ## Contributing Bug reports and pull requests are welcome on GitHub at https://github.com/Altiscale/check_chef_converge. This project is intended to be a safe, welcoming space for collaboration, and contributors are expected to adhere to the [Contributor Covenant](contributor-covenant.org) code of conduct.
Inventory-Rake Inventory-Rake provides Rake¹ tasks for your Inventory². This includes tasks for cleaning up our project, compiling extensions, installing dependencies, installing and uninstalling the project itself, and creating and pushing distribution files to distribution points. ¹ See http://rake.rubyforge.org/ ² See http://disu.se/software/inventory-1.0/ § Installation Install Inventory-Rake with % gem install inventory-rake § Usage Include the following code in your ‹Rakefile›, where ‹Package› is the top-level module of your project: require 'inventory-rake-3.0' load File.expand_path('../lib/package/version.rb', __FILE__) Inventory::Rake::Tasks.define Package::Version Inventory::Rake::Tasks.unless_installing_dependencies do # Any additional tasks that your project’s dependencies provide end ‹Inventory::Rake::Tasks.define› does the heavy lifting. It takes our inventory and sets up the tasks mentioned above. We also do some additional customization of the gem specification. As we want to be able to use our Rakefile to install our dependencies for us, the rest of the Rakefile is inside the conditional #unless_installing_dependencies, which, as the name certainly implies, executes its block unless the task being run is the one that installs our dependencies. This becomes relevant if we want to, for example, set up Travis¹ integration. To do so, simply add before_script: - gem install inventory-rake -v '~> VERSION' --no-rdoc --no-ri - rake gem:deps:install to your ‹.travis.yml› file. This’ll make sure that Travis installs all development, runtime, and optional dependencies that you’ve listed in your inventory before running any tests. There’s more information in the {API documentation}² that you’ll likely want to read up on if anything is unclear. ¹ See http://travis-ci.org/ ² See http://disu.se/software/inventory-rake-1.0/api/Inventory/Rake/ § Tasks The tasks that are created if you use Inventory-Rake are: = check. = Check that the package meets its expectations. = mostlyclean. = Delete targets built by rake that are ofter rebuilt. = clean. = Delete targets built by rake; depends on mostlyclean. = distclean. = Delete all files not meant for distribution; depends on clean. = compile. = Compile all extensions; depends on each compile:name. = compile:name. = Compile extension /name/; depends on lib/path/so file. = lib/path/so. = Installed dynamic library of extension /name/ inside inventory path; depends on ext/name/so. = ext/name/so. = Dynamic library of extension /name/; depends on ext/name/Makefile and the source files of the extension. = ext/name/Makefile. = Makefile for extension /name/; depends on inventory path, ext/name/extconf.rb file, and ext/name/depend file. Will be created by extconf.rb, which may take options from environment variable name#upcase_EXTCONF_OPTIONS or ‹EXTCONF_OPTIONS› if defined. = clean:name. = Clean files built for extension /name/; depended upon by clean. = spec. = Create specifications; depends on gem:spec. = gem:spec. = Create gem specification; depends on gemspec. = gemspec (file). = Gem specification file; depends on Rakefile, README, and inventory path. = dist. = Create files for distribution; depends on gem:dist. = gem:dist. = Create gem for distribution; depends on inventory:check and gem file. = inventory:check. = Check that the inventory is correct by looking for files not listed in the inventory that match the pattern and for files listed in the inventory that don’t exist; depends on distclean. = gem (file). = Gem file; depends on files included in gem. = dist:check. = Check files before distribution; depends on dist and gem:dist:check. = gem:dist:check. = Check gem before distribution; depends on gem:dist. = deps:install. = Install dependencies on the local system; depends on gem:deps:install. = gem:deps:install. = Install dependencies in ruby gem directory. = deps:install:user. = Install dependencies for the current user; depends on gem:deps:install:user. = gem:deps:install:user. = Install dependencies in the user gem directory. = install. = Install distribution files on the local system; depends on gem:install. = gem:install. = Install gem in ruby gem directory; depends on gem:dist. = install:user. = Install distribution files for the current user; depends on gem:install:user. = gem:install:user. = Install gem in the user gem directory. = uninstall. = Delete all files installed on the local system. = gem:uninstall. = Uninstall gem from ruby gem directory. = uninstall:user. = Delete all files installed for current user. = gem:uninstall:user. = Uninstall gem from ruby gem directory. = push. = Push distribution files to distribution hubs. = gem:push. = Push gem to rubygems.org. § Financing Currently, most of my time is spent at my day job and in my rather busy private life. Please motivate me to spend time on this piece of software by donating some of your money to this project. Yeah, I realize that requesting money to develop software is a bit, well, capitalistic of me. But please realize that I live in a capitalistic society and I need money to have other people give me the things that I need to continue living under the rules of said society. So, if you feel that this piece of software has helped you out enough to warrant a reward, please PayPal a donation to now@disu.se¹. Thanks! Your support won’t go unnoticed! ¹ Send a donation: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_donations&business=now@disu.se&item_name=Inventory-Rake § Reporting Bugs Please report any bugs that you encounter to the {issue tracker}¹. ¹ See https://github.com/now/inventory-rake/issues § Authors Nikolai Weibull wrote the code, the tests, the manual pages, and this README. § Licensing Inventory-Rake is free software: you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the {GNU Lesser General Public License, version 3}¹ or later², as published by the {Free Software Foundation}³. ¹ See http://disu.se/licenses/lgpl-3.0/ ² See http://gnu.org/licenses/ ³ See http://fsf.org/
OVH::Provisioner ================ Interact with OVH REST API, mainly targeted to manage dedicated servers and OVH DNS. Installation ------------ Add this line to your application's Gemfile: ```ruby gem 'ovh-provisioner' ``` And then execute: $ bundle Or install it yourself as: $ gem install ovh-provisioner Configuration ------------- The best way to use ovh-provisioner is to create a configuration file (recommended path: ~/.config/ovh-provisioner.yml) containing your keys and some general configuration. Then, just launch it to get all commands with their description. Example: ```yaml # All keys can be overriden with cli options api_url: https://eu.api.ovh.com/1.0 app_key: XXXXXXXXXXXX app_secret: XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX consumer_key: XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX template: template_name # is be defined in OVH manager when you save a template use_distrib_kernel: true ssh-key: 'key_name_to install' # name_scheme support any variable available as attribute in # lib/ovh/provisioner/api_object/dedicated_server.rb # Along with name_domain, it is used to rename (reverse dns) servers name_scheme: '%{location}-%{flavor_tag}-%{server_id}.%{vrack}' name_domain: example.com # example of flavors, you can use any hardware parameters from # GET /dedicated/server/{serviceName}/specifications/hardware # to differentiate your flavors flavors: EG-16S: tag: eg16s hardware: description: 'Serveur EG-16 - E3-1230v6 - 16GB - SoftRaid 2x450GB NVMe' EG-32S: tag: eg32s hardware: description: 'Serveur EG-32 - E3-1270v6 - 32GB - SoftRaid 2x450GB NVMe' EG-64S: tag: eg64s hardware: description: 'Serveur EG-64 - E5-1650v3 - 64GB - SoftRaid 2x450GB NVMe' ``` Development ----------- After checking out the repo, run `bin/setup` to install dependencies. Then, run `rake spec` to run the tests. You can also run `bin/console` for an interactive prompt that will allow you to experiment. To install this gem onto your local machine, run `bundle exec rake install`. To release a new version, update the version number in `version.rb`, and then run `bundle exec rake release`, which will create a git tag for the version, push git commits and tags, and push the `.gem` file to [rubygems.org](https://rubygems.org). Contributing ------------ Please read carefully [CONTRIBUTING.md](CONTRIBUTING.md) before making a merge request. License and Author ------------------ - Author:: Samuel Bernard (<samuel.bernard@gmail.com>) ```text Copyright (c) 2015-2016 Sam4Mobile, 2017-2018 Make.org Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License. ```
Lookout Lookout is a unit testing framework for Ruby¹ that puts your results in focus. Tests (expectations) are written as follows expect 2 do 1 + 1 end expect ArgumentError do Integer('1 + 1') end expect Array do [1, 2, 3].select{ |i| i % 2 == 0 } end expect [2, 4, 6] do [1, 2, 3].map{ |i| i * 2 } end Lookout is designed to encourage – force, even – unit testing best practices such as • Setting up only one expectation per test • Not setting expectations on non-public APIs • Test isolation This is done by • Only allowing one expectation to be set per test • Providing no (additional) way of accessing private state • Providing no setup and tear-down methods, nor a method of providing test helpers Other important points are • Putting the expected outcome of a test in focus with the steps of the calculation of the actual result only as a secondary concern • A focus on code readability by providing no mechanism for describing an expectation other than the code in the expectation itself • A unified syntax for setting up both state-based and behavior-based expectations The way Lookout works has been heavily influenced by expectations², by {Jay Fields}³. The code base was once also heavily based on expectations, based at Subversion {revision 76}⁴. A lot has happened since then and all of the work past that revision are due to {Nikolai Weibull}⁵. ¹ Ruby: http://ruby-lang.org/ ² Expectations: http://expectations.rubyforge.org/ ³ Jay Fields’s blog: http://blog.jayfields.com/ ⁴ Lookout revision 76: https://github.com/now/lookout/commit/537bedf3e5b3eb4b31c066b3266f42964ac35ebe ⁵ Nikolai Weibull’s home page: http://disu.se/ § Installation Install Lookout with % gem install lookout § Usage Lookout allows you to set expectations on an object’s state or behavior. We’ll begin by looking at state expectations and then take a look at expectations on behavior. § Expectations on State: Literals An expectation can be made on the result of a computation: expect 2 do 1 + 1 end Most objects, in fact, have their state expectations checked by invoking ‹#==› on the expected value with the result as its argument. Checking that a result is within a given range is also simple: expect 0.099..0.101 do 0.4 - 0.3 end Here, the more general ‹#===› is being used on the ‹Range›. § Regexps ‹Strings› of course match against ‹Strings›: expect 'ab' do 'abc'[0..1] end but we can also match a ‹String› against a ‹Regexp›: expect %r{a substring} do 'a string with a substring' end (Note the use of ‹%r{…}› to avoid warnings that will be generated when Ruby parses ‹expect /…/›.) § Modules Checking that the result includes a certain module is done by expecting the ‹Module›. expect Enumerable do [] end This, due to the nature of Ruby, of course also works for classes (as they are also modules): expect String do 'a string' end This doesn’t hinder us from expecting the actual ‹Module› itself: expect Enumerable do Enumerable end or the ‹Class›: expect String do String end for obvious reasons. As you may have figured out yourself, this is accomplished by first trying ‹#==› and, if it returns ‹false›, then trying ‹#===› on the expected ‹Module›. This is also true of ‹Ranges› and ‹Regexps›. § Booleans Truthfulness is expected with ‹true› and ‹false›: expect true do 1 end expect false do nil end Results equaling ‹true› or ‹false› are slightly different: expect TrueClass do true end expect FalseClass do false end The rationale for this is that you should only care if the result of a computation evaluates to a value that Ruby considers to be either true or false, not the exact literals ‹true› or ‹false›. § IO Expecting output on an IO object is also common: expect output("abc\ndef\n") do |io| io.puts 'abc', 'def' end This can be used to capture the output of a formatter that takes an output object as a parameter. § Warnings Expecting warnings from code isn’t very common, but should be done: expect warning('this is your final one!') do warn 'this is your final one!' end expect warning('this is your final one!') do warn '%s:%d: warning: this is your final one!' % [__FILE__, __LINE__] end ‹$VERBOSE› is set to ‹true› during the execution of the block, so you don’t need to do so yourself. If you have other code that depends on the value of $VERBOSE, that can be done with ‹#with_verbose› expect nil do with_verbose nil do $VERBOSE end end § Errors You should always be expecting errors from – and in, but that’s a different story – your code: expect ArgumentError do Integer('1 + 1') end Often, not only the type of the error, but its description, is important to check: expect StandardError.new('message') do raise StandardError.new('message') end As with ‹Strings›, ‹Regexps› can be used to check the error description: expect StandardError.new(/mess/) do raise StandardError.new('message') end § Queries Through Symbols Symbols are generally matched against symbols, but as a special case, symbols ending with ‹?› are seen as expectations on the result of query methods on the result of the block, given that the method is of zero arity and that the result isn’t a Symbol itself. Simply expect a symbol ending with ‹?›: expect :empty? do [] end To expect it’s negation, expect the same symbol beginning with ‹not_›: expect :not_nil? do [1, 2, 3] end This is the same as expect true do [].empty? end and expect false do [1, 2, 3].empty? end but provides much clearer failure messages. It also makes the expectation’s intent a lot clearer. § Queries By Proxy There’s also a way to make the expectations of query methods explicit by invoking methods on the result of the block. For example, to check that the even elements of the Array ‹[1, 2, 3]› include ‹1› you could write expect result.to.include? 1 do [1, 2, 3].reject{ |e| e.even? } end You could likewise check that the result doesn’t include 2: expect result.not.to.include? 2 do [1, 2, 3].reject{ |e| e.even? } end This is the same as (and executes a little bit slower than) writing expect false do [1, 2, 3].reject{ |e| e.even? }.include? 2 end but provides much clearer failure messages. Given that these two last examples would fail, you’d get a message saying “[1, 2, 3]#include?(2)” instead of the terser “true≠false”. It also clearly separates the actual expectation from the set-up. The keyword for this kind of expectations is ‹result›. This may be followed by any of the methods • ‹#not› • ‹#to› • ‹#be› • ‹#have› or any other method you will want to call on the result. The methods ‹#to›, ‹#be›, and ‹#have› do nothing except improve readability. The ‹#not› method inverts the expectation. § Literal Literals If you need to literally check against any of the types of objects otherwise treated specially, that is, any instances of • ‹Module› • ‹Range› • ‹Regexp› • ‹Exception› • ‹Symbol›, given that it ends with ‹?› you can do so by wrapping it in ‹literal(…)›: expect literal(:empty?) do :empty? end You almost never need to do this, as, for all but symbols, instances will match accordingly as well. § Expectations on Behavior We expect our objects to be on their best behavior. Lookout allows you to make sure that they are. Reception expectations let us verify that a method is called in the way that we expect it to be: expect mock.to.receive.to_str(without_arguments){ '123' } do |o| o.to_str end Here, ‹#mock› creates a mock object, an object that doesn’t respond to anything unless you tell it to. We tell it to expect to receive a call to ‹#to_str› without arguments and have ‹#to_str› return ‹'123'› when called. The mock object is then passed in to the block so that the expectations placed upon it can be fulfilled. Sometimes we only want to make sure that a method is called in the way that we expect it to be, but we don’t care if any other methods are called on the object. A stub object, created with ‹#stub›, expects any method and returns a stub object that, again, expects any method, and thus fits the bill. expect stub.to.receive.to_str(without_arguments){ '123' } do |o| o.to_str if o.convertable? end You don’t have to use a mock object to verify that a method is called: expect Object.to.receive.name do Object.name end As you have figured out by now, the expected method call is set up by calling ‹#receive› after ‹#to›. ‹#Receive› is followed by a call to the method to expect with any expected arguments. The body of the expected method can be given as the block to the method. Finally, an expected invocation count may follow the method. Let’s look at this formal specification in more detail. The expected method arguments may be given in a variety of ways. Let’s introduce them by giving some examples: expect mock.to.receive.a do |m| m.a end Here, the method ‹#a› must be called with any number of arguments. It may be called any number of times, but it must be called at least once. If a method must receive exactly one argument, you can use ‹Object›, as the same matching rules apply for arguments as they do for state expectations: expect mock.to.receive.a(Object) do |m| m.a 0 end If a method must receive a specific argument, you can use that argument: expect mock.to.receive.a(1..2) do |m| m.a 1 end Again, the same matching rules apply for arguments as they do for state expectations, so the previous example expects a call to ‹#a› with 1, 2, or the Range 1..2 as an argument on ‹m›. If a method must be invoked without any arguments you can use ‹without_arguments›: expect mock.to.receive.a(without_arguments) do |m| m.a end You can of course use both ‹Object› and actual arguments: expect mock.to.receive.a(Object, 2, Object) do |m| m.a nil, 2, '3' end The body of the expected method may be given as the block. Here, calling ‹#a› on ‹m› will give the result ‹1›: expect mock.to.receive.a{ 1 } do |m| raise 'not 1' unless m.a == 1 end If no body has been given, the result will be a stub object. To take a block, grab a block parameter and ‹#call› it: expect mock.to.receive.a{ |&b| b.call(1) } do |m| j = 0 m.a{ |i| j = i } raise 'not 1' unless j == 1 end To simulate an ‹#each›-like method, ‹#call› the block several times. Invocation count expectations can be set if the default expectation of “at least once” isn’t good enough. The following expectations are possible • ‹#at_most_once› • ‹#once› • ‹#at_least_once› • ‹#twice› And, for a given ‹N›, • ‹#at_most(N)› • ‹#exactly(N)› • ‹#at_least(N)› § Utilities: Stubs Method stubs are another useful thing to have in a unit testing framework. Sometimes you need to override a method that does something a test shouldn’t do, like access and alter bank accounts. We can override – stub out – a method by using the ‹#stub› method. Let’s assume that we have an ‹Account› class that has two methods, ‹#slips› and ‹#total›. ‹#Slips› retrieves the bank slips that keep track of your deposits to the ‹Account› from a database. ‹#Total› sums the ‹#slips›. In the following test we want to make sure that ‹#total› does what it should do without accessing the database. We therefore stub out ‹#slips› and make it return something that we can easily control. expect 6 do |m| stub(Class.new{ def slips raise 'database not available' end def total slips.reduce(0){ |m, n| m.to_i + n.to_i } end }.new, :slips => [1, 2, 3]){ |account| account.total } end To make it easy to create objects with a set of stubbed methods there’s also a convenience method: expect 3 do s = stub(:a => 1, :b => 2) s.a + s.b end This short-hand notation can also be used for the expected value: expect stub(:a => 1, :b => 2).to.receive.a do |o| o.a + o.b end and also works for mock objects: expect mock(:a => 2, :b => 2).to.receive.a do |o| o.a + o.b end Blocks are also allowed when defining stub methods: expect 3 do s = stub(:a => proc{ |a, b| a + b }) s.a(1, 2) end If need be, we can stub out a specific method on an object: expect 'def' do stub('abc', :to_str => 'def'){ |a| a.to_str } end The stub is active during the execution of the block. § Overriding Constants Sometimes you need to override the value of a constant during the execution of some code. Use ‹#with_const› to do just that: expect 'hello' do with_const 'A::B::C', 'hello' do A::B::C end end Here, the constant ‹A::B::C› is set to ‹'hello'› during the execution of the block. None of the constants ‹A›, ‹B›, and ‹C› need to exist for this to work. If a constant doesn’t exist it’s created and set to a new, empty, ‹Module›. The value of ‹A::B::C›, if any, is restored after the block returns and any constants that didn’t previously exist are removed. § Overriding Environment Variables Another thing you often need to control in your tests is the value of environment variables. Depending on such global values is, of course, not a good practice, but is often unavoidable when working with external libraries. ‹#With_env› allows you to override the value of environment variables during the execution of a block by giving it a ‹Hash› of key/value pairs where the key is the name of the environment variable and the value is the value that it should have during the execution of that block: expect 'hello' do with_env 'INTRO' => 'hello' do ENV['INTRO'] end end Any overridden values are restored and any keys that weren’t previously a part of the environment are removed when the block returns. § Overriding Globals You may also want to override the value of a global temporarily: expect 'hello' do with_global :$stdout, StringIO.new do print 'hello' $stdout.string end end You thus provide the name of the global and a value that it should take during the execution of a block of code. The block gets passed the overridden value, should you need it: expect true do with_global :$stdout, StringIO.new do |overridden| $stdout != overridden end end § Integration Lookout can be used from Rake¹. Simply install Lookout-Rake²: % gem install lookout-rake and add the following code to your Rakefile require 'lookout-rake-3.0' Lookout::Rake::Tasks::Test.new Make sure to read up on using Lookout-Rake for further benefits and customization. ¹ Read more about Rake at http://rake.rubyforge.org/ ² Get information on Lookout-Rake at http://disu.se/software/lookout-rake/ § API Lookout comes with an API¹ that let’s you create things such as new expected values, difference reports for your types, and so on. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/lookout/api/ § Interface Design The default output of Lookout can Spartanly be described as Spartan. If no errors or failures occur, no output is generated. This is unconventional, as unit testing frameworks tend to dump a lot of information on the user, concerning things such as progress, test count summaries, and flamboyantly colored text telling you that your tests passed. None of this output is needed. Your tests should run fast enough to not require progress reports. The lack of output provides you with the same amount of information as reporting success. Test count summaries are only useful if you’re worried that your tests aren’t being run, but if you worry about that, then providing such output doesn’t really help. Testing your tests requires something beyond reporting some arbitrary count that you would have to verify by hand anyway. When errors or failures do occur, however, the relevant information is output in a format that can easily be parsed by an ‹'errorformat'› for Vim or with {Compilation Mode}¹ for Emacs². Diffs are generated for Strings, Arrays, Hashes, and I/O. ¹ Read up on Compilation mode for Emacs at http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/CompilationMode ² Visit The GNU Foundation’s Emacs’ software page at http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/ § External Design Let’s now look at some of the points made in the introduction in greater detail. Lookout only allows you to set one expectation per test. If you’re testing behavior with a reception expectation, then only one method-invocation expectation can be set. If you’re testing state, then only one result can be verified. It may seem like this would cause unnecessary duplication between tests. While this is certainly a possibility, when you actually begin to try to avoid such duplication you find that you often do so by improving your interfaces. This kind of restriction tends to encourage the use of value objects, which are easy to test, and more focused objects, which require simpler tests, as they have less behavior to test, per method. By keeping your interfaces focused you’re also keeping your tests focused. Keeping your tests focused improves, in itself, test isolation, but let’s look at something that hinders it: setup and tear-down methods. Most unit testing frameworks encourage test fragmentation by providing setup and tear-down methods. Setup methods create objects and, perhaps, just their behavior for a set of tests. This means that you have to look in two places to figure out what’s being done in a test. This may work fine for few methods with simple set-ups, but makes things complicated when the number of tests increases and the set-up is complex. Often, each test further adjusts the previously set-up object before performing any verifications, further complicating the process of figuring out what state an object has in a given test. Tear-down methods clean up after tests, perhaps by removing records from a database or deleting files from the file-system. The duplication that setup methods and tear-down methods hope to remove is better avoided by improving your interfaces. This can be done by providing better set-up methods for your objects and using idioms such as {Resource Acquisition Is Initialization}¹ for guaranteed clean-up, test or no test. By not using setup and tear-down methods we keep everything pertinent to a test in the test itself, thus improving test isolation. (You also won’t {slow down your tests}² by keeping unnecessary state.) Most unit test frameworks also allow you to create arbitrary test helper methods. Lookout doesn’t. The same rationale as that that has been crystallized in the preceding paragraphs applies. If you need helpers you’re interface isn’t good enough. It really is as simple as that. To clarify: there’s nothing inherently wrong with test helper methods, but they should be general enough that they reside in their own library. The support for mocks in Lookout is provided through a set of test helper methods that make it easier to create mocks than it would have been without them. Lookout-rack³ is another example of a library providing test helper methods (well, one method, actually) that are very useful in testing web applications that use Rack⁴. A final point at which some unit test frameworks try to fragment tests further is documentation. These frameworks provide ways of describing the whats and hows of what’s being tested, the rationale being that this will provide documentation of both the test and the code being tested. Describing how a stack data structure is meant to work is a common example. A stack is, however, a rather simple data structure, so such a description provides little, if any, additional information that can’t be extracted from the implementation and its tests themselves. The implementation and its tests is, in fact, its own best documentation. Taking the points made in the previous paragraphs into account, we should already have simple, self-describing, interfaces that have easily understood tests associated with them. Rationales for the use of a given data structure or system-design design documentation is better suited in separate documentation focused at describing exactly those issues. ¹ Read the Wikipedia entry for Resource Acquisition Is Initialization at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Acquisition_Is_Initialization ² Read how 37signals had problems with slow Test::Unit tests at http://37signals.com/svn/posts/2742-the-road-to-faster-tests/ ³ Visit the Lookout-rack home page at http://disu.se/software/lookout-rack/ ⁴ Visit the Rack Rubyforge project page at http://rack.rubyforge.org/ § Internal Design The internal design of Lookout has had a couple of goals. • As few external dependencies as possible • As few internal dependencies as possible • Internal extensibility provides external extensibility • As fast load times as possible • As high a ratio of value objects to mutable objects as possible • Each object must have a simple, obvious name • Use mix-ins, not inheritance for shared behavior • As few responsibilities per object as possible • Optimizing for speed can only be done when you have all the facts § External Dependencies Lookout used to depend on Mocha for mocks and stubs. While benchmarking I noticed that a method in Mocha was taking up more than 300 percent of the runtime. It turned out that Mocha’s method for cleaning up back-traces generated when a mock failed was doing something incredibly stupid: backtrace.reject{ |l| Regexp.new(@lib).match(File.expand_path(l)) } Here ‹@lib› is a ‹String› containing the path to the lib sub-directory in the Mocha installation directory. I reported it, provided a patch five days later, then waited. Nothing happened. {254 days later}¹, according to {Wolfram Alpha}², half of my patch was, apparently – I say “apparently”, as I received no notification – applied. By that time I had replaced the whole mocking-and-stubbing subsystem and dropped the dependency. Many Ruby developers claim that Ruby and its gems are too fast-moving for normal package-managing systems to keep up. This is testament to the fact that this isn’t the case and that the real problem is instead related to sloppy practices. Please note that I don’t want to single out the Mocha library nor its developers. I only want to provide an example where relying on external dependencies can be “considered harmful”. ¹ See the Wolfram Alpha calculation at http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=days+between+march+17%2C+2010+and+november+26%2C+2010 ² Check out the Wolfram Alpha computational knowledge engine at http://www.wolframalpha.com/ § Internal Dependencies Lookout has been designed so as to keep each subsystem independent of any other. The diff subsystem is, for example, completely decoupled from any other part of the system as a whole and could be moved into its own library at a time where that would be of interest to anyone. What’s perhaps more interesting is that the diff subsystem is itself very modular. The data passes through a set of filters that depends on what kind of diff has been requested, each filter yielding modified data as it receives it. If you want to read some rather functional Ruby I can highly recommend looking at the code in the ‹lib/lookout/diff› directory. This lookout on the design of the library also makes it easy to extend Lookout. Lookout-rack was, for example, written in about four hours and about 5 of those 240 minutes were spent on setting up the interface between the two. § Optimizing For Speed The following paragraph is perhaps a bit personal, but might be interesting nonetheless. I’ve always worried about speed. The original Expectations library used ‹extend› a lot to add new behavior to objects. Expectations, for example, used to hold the result of their execution (what we now term “evaluation”) by being extended by a module representing success, failure, or error. For the longest time I used this same method, worrying about the increased performance cost that creating new objects for results would incur. I finally came to a point where I felt that the code was so simple and clean that rewriting this part of the code for a benchmark wouldn’t take more than perhaps ten minutes. Well, ten minutes later I had my results and they confirmed that creating new objects wasn’t harming performance. I was very pleased. § Naming I hate low lines (underscores). I try to avoid them in method names and I always avoid them in file names. Since the current “best practice” in the Ruby community is to put ‹BeginEndStorage› in a file called ‹begin_end_storage.rb›, I only name constants using a single noun. This has had the added benefit that classes seem to have acquired less behavior, as using a single noun doesn’t allow you to tack on additional behavior without questioning if it’s really appropriate to do so, given the rather limited range of interpretation for that noun. It also seems to encourage the creation of value objects, as something named ‹Range› feels a lot more like a value than ‹BeginEndStorage›. (To reach object-oriented-programming Nirvana you must achieve complete value.) § News § 3.0.0 The ‹xml› expectation has been dropped. It wasn’t documented, didn’t suit very many use cases, and can be better implemented by an external library. The ‹arg› argument matcher for mock method arguments has been removed, as it didn’t provide any benefit over using Object. The ‹#yield› and ‹#each› methods on stub and mock methods have been removed. They were slightly weird and their use case can be implemented using block parameters instead. The ‹stub› method inside ‹expect› blocks now stubs out the methods during the execution of a provided block instead of during the execution of the whole except block. When a mock method is called too many times, this is reported immediately, with a full backtrace. This makes it easier to pin down what’s wrong with the code. Query expectations were added. Explicit query expectations were added. Fluent boolean expectations, for example, ‹expect nil.to.be.nil?› have been replaced by query expectations (‹expect :nil? do nil end›) and explicit query expectations (‹expect result.to.be.nil? do nil end›). This was done to discourage creating objects as the expected value and creating objects that change during the course of the test. The ‹literal› expectation was added. Equality (‹#==›) is now checked before “caseity” (‹#===›) for modules, ranges, and regular expressions to match the documentation. § Financing Currently, most of my time is spent at my day job and in my rather busy private life. Please motivate me to spend time on this piece of software by donating some of your money to this project. Yeah, I realize that requesting money to develop software is a bit, well, capitalistic of me. But please realize that I live in a capitalistic society and I need money to have other people give me the things that I need to continue living under the rules of said society. So, if you feel that this piece of software has helped you out enough to warrant a reward, please PayPal a donation to now@disu.se¹. Thanks! Your support won’t go unnoticed! ¹ Send a donation: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_donations&business=now%40disu%2ese&item_name=Lookout § Reporting Bugs Please report any bugs that you encounter to the {issue tracker}¹. ¹ See https://github.com/now/lookout/issues § Contributors Contributors to the original expectations codebase are mentioned there. We hope no one on that list feels left out of this list. Please {let us know}¹ if you do. • Nikolai Weibull ¹ Add an issue to the Lookout issue tracker at https://github.com/now/lookout/issues § Licensing Lookout is free software: you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the {GNU Lesser General Public License, version 3}¹ or later², as published by the {Free Software Foundation}³. ¹ See http://disu.se/licenses/lgpl-3.0/ ² See http://gnu.org/licenses/ ³ See http://fsf.org/
= TMail http://tmail.rubyforge.org/ Mikel Lindsaar maintainer Trans assitant developer Minero Aoki original developer == NOTE: !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! THIS IS A FORK OF TMAIL HACKED TOGETHER TO WORK WITH RUBY 1.9.1 ! ! USE AT YOUR OWN DISCRETION ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! == DESCRIPTION: TMail is a mail handling library for Ruby. It abstracts a mail message into a usable object allowing you to read, set, add and delete headers and the mail body. TMail is used by the Ruby on Rails web framework as the Email abstraction layer for their ActionMailer module. It is also used by the Nitro framework and many other applications on and off the web. The goal of the TMail handling library is to be able to parse and handle raw Email sources and produce RFC compliant Emails as a result. If you find something that TMail does that violates an RFC, we want to know and we'll get it fixed fast. == DOCUMENTATION: The place you will want to look first is the TMail::Mail class. This has the vast majority of methods you will be using to talk to your TMail object. == FEATURES/PROBLEMS: TMail is fairly RFC compliant on the handling of emails. There are also some problems in the header handling, but for 99.9% of email, you will be fine. Usually, the problems revolve around parsing incomming emails and making sense of them. I really welcome any examples of Emails that "didn't work" with TMail so I can use them as test cases. == SYNOPSIS: TMail is very easy to use. You simply require the library and then pass a raw email text message into the TMail::Mail.parse method. This returns a TMail::Mail object which you can now query and run methods against to modify, inspect or add to the Email. You can find almost all of the methods that you will use to talk to and update a TMail instance in the TMail::Mail class. I am constantly updating this code, with comments, added a fair bit and have a lot more to go!. === Short Version: irb(main):001:0> require 'tmail' irb(main):002:0> raw_email = File.open("my_raw_email", 'r') { |f| @mail = f.read } irb(main):003:0> email = TMail::Mail.parse(raw_email) irb(main):004:0> puts email['to'] mikel@example.com => nil irb(main):005:0> email['to'] = 'mikel@somewhere.else.com' => "mikel@somewhere.else.com" irb(main):006:0> puts email['to'] mikel@somewhere.else.com => nil === Longer Version: Assuming you have a single raw email in the variable my_message, you can do the following: require 'tmail' email = TMail::Mail.parse(my_message) This will give you a TMail::Mail class containing your parsed message. There are other methods of opening emails through Ports. You can view this email by a simple puts: puts email Return-Path: <mikel@nowhere.com> Date: Sun, 21 Oct 2007 19:38:13 +1000 From: Mikel Lindsaar <mikel@nowhere.com> To: mikel@somewhere.com Message-Id: <009601c813c6$19df3510$0437d30a@mikel091a> Subject: Testing Email Hello Mikel Easy right? === Adding a header to the EMail: Say now that you have opened your message, you want to put in a Reply-To field. You do this like so: email['reply-to'] = "My Email Address <my_address@anotherplace.com>" Is it really there? Well, find out with a puts: puts email Return-Path: <mikel@nowhere.com> Date: Sun, 21 Oct 2007 19:38:13 +1000 From: Mikel Lindsaar <mikel@nowhere.com> Reply-To: My Email Address <my_address@anotherplace.com> To: mikel@somewhere.com Message-Id: <009601c813c6$19df3510$0437d30a@mikel091a> Subject: Testing Email Hello Mikel Yup looks good. === Inspecting a header: You can then inspect your added header by doing: email['reply-to'] # => #<TMail::AddressHeader "My Email Address <my_address@anotherplace.com>"> If you just want to the actual value, not the AddressHeader object, pass to_s to this. email['reply-to'].to_s # => "My Email Address <my_address@anotherplace.com>" === Deleting a header: One way of deleting a header from an Email is just assigning it nil like so: email['reply-to'] = nil # => nil If you now puts the email again, it will not be included: puts email Return-Path: <mikel@nowhere.com> Date: Sun, 21 Oct 2007 19:38:13 +1000 From: Mikel Lindsaar <mikel@nowhere.com> To: mikel@somewhere.com Message-Id: <009601c813c6$19df3510$0437d30a@mikel091a> Subject: Testing Email Hello Mikel === Writing out an Email: You can just call to_s on any email to have it serialized out as a single string with the right number of line breaks and encodings. == CONTRIBUTING: You can visit the {Contributing to TMail}[link:http://tmail.rubyforge.org/contributing/] to find out how to contribute to TMail, developers are welcome and wanted! == REQUIREMENTS: * C compiler if you want the Ruby extension for Scanner * Ruby 1.8 or later == INSTALLATION: * sudo gem install tmail Or manually, * sudo script/setup == LICENSE: (The MIT License) Copyright (c) 2007 FIX Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the 'Software'), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED 'AS IS', WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
Ame Ame provides a simple command-line interface API for Ruby¹. It can be used to provide both simple interfaces like that of ‹rm›² and complex ones like that of ‹git›³. It uses Ruby’s own classes, methods, and argument lists to provide an interface that is both simple to use from the command-line side and from the Ruby side. The provided command-line interface is flexible and follows commond standards for command-line processing. ¹ See http://ruby-lang.org/ ² See http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/rm.html ³ See http://git-scm.com/docs/ § Usage Let’s begin by looking at two examples, one where we mimic the POSIX¹ command-line interface to the ‹rm› command. Looking at the entry² in the standard, ‹rm› takes the following options: = -f. = Do not prompt for confirmation. = -i. = Prompt for confirmation. = -R. = Remove file hierarchies. = -r. = Equivalent to /-r/. It also takes the following arguments: = FILE. = A pathname or directory entry to be removed. And actually allows one or more of these /FILE/ arguments to be given. We also note that the ‹rm› command is described as a command to “remove directory entries”. ¹ See http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/contents.html ² See http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/rm.html Let’s turn this specification into one using Ame’s API. We begin by adding a flag for each of the options listed above: class Rm < Ame::Root flag 'f', '', false, 'Do not prompt for confirmation' flag 'i', '', nil, 'Prompt for confirmation' do |options| options['f'] = false end flag 'R', '', false, 'Remove file hierarchies' flag 'r', '', nil, 'Equivalent to -R' do |options| options['r'] = true end A flag¹ is a boolean option that doesn’t take an argument. Each flag gets a short and long name, where an empty name means that there’s no corresponding short or long name for the flag, a default value (true, false, or nil), and a description of what the flag does. Each flag can also optionally take a block that can do further processing. In this case we use this block to modify the Hash that maps option names to their values passed to the block to set other flags’ values than the ones that the block is associated with. As these flags (‘i’ and ‘r’) aren’t themselves of interest, their default values have been set to nil, which means that they won’t be included in the Hash that maps option names to their values when passed to the method. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#flag-class-method There are quite a few other kinds of options besides flags that can be defined using Ame, but flags are all that are required for this example. We’ll get to the other kinds in later examples. Next we add a “splus” argument. splus 'FILE', String, 'File to remove' A splus¹ argument is like a Ruby “splat”, that is, an Array argument at the end of the argument list to a method preceded by a star, except that a splus requires at least one argument. A splus argument gets a name for the argument (‹FILE›), the type of argument it represents (String), and a description. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#splus-class-method Then we add a description of the command (method) itself: description 'Remove directory entries' Descriptions¹ will be used in help output to assist the user in using the command. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#description-class-method Finally, we add the Ruby method that’ll implement the command (all preceding code included here for completeness): class Rm < Ame::Root version '1.0.0' flag 'f', '', false, 'Do not prompt for confirmation' flag 'i', '', nil, 'Prompt for confirmation' do |options| options['f'] = false end flag 'R', '', false, 'Remove file hierarchies' flag 'r', '', nil, 'Equivalent to -R' do |options| options['r'] = true end splus 'FILE', String, 'File to remove' description 'Remove directory entries' def rm(files, options = {}) require 'fileutils' FileUtils.send options['R'] ? :rm_r : :rm, [first] + rest, :force => options['f'] end end Actually, another bit of code was also added, namely version '1.0.0' This sets the version¹ String of the command. This information is used when the command is invoked with the “‹--version›” flag. This flag is automatically added, so you don’t need to add it yourself. Another flag, “‹--help›”, is also added automatically. When given, this flag’ll make Ame output usage information of the command. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#version-class-method To actually run the command, all you need to do is invoke Rm.process This’ll invoke the command using the command-line arguments stored in ‹ARGV›, but you can also specify other ones if you want to: Rm.process 'rm', %w[-r /tmp/*] The first argument to #process¹ is the name of the method to invoke, which defaults to ‹File.basename($0)›, and the second argument is an Array of Strings that should be processed as command-line arguments passed to the command. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#process-class-method If you’d store the complete ‹Rm› class defined above in a file called ‹rm› and add ‹#! /usr/bin/ruby -w› at the beginning and ‹Rm.process› at the end, you’d have a fully functional ‹rm› command (after making it executable). Let’s see it in action: % rm --help Usage: rm [OPTIONS]... FILE... Remove directory entries Arguments: FILE... File to remove Options: -R Remove file hierarchies -f Do not prompt for confirmation --help Display help for this method -i Prompt for confirmation -r Equivalent to -R --version Display version information % rm --version rm 1.0.0 Some commands are more complex than ‹rm›. For example, ‹git›¹ has a rather complex command-line interface. We won’t mimic it all here, but let’s introduce the rest of the Ame API using a fake ‹git› clone as an example. ¹ See http://git-scm.com/docs/ ‹Git› uses sub-commands to achieve most things. Implementing sub-commands with Ame is done using a “dispatch”. We’ll discuss dispatches in more detail later, but suffice it to say that a dispatch delegates processing to a child class that’ll handle the sub-command in question. We begin by defining our main ‹git› command using a class called ‹Git› under the ‹Git::CLI› namespace: module Git end class Git::CLI < Ame::Root version '1.0.0' class Git < Ame::Class description 'The stupid content tracker' def initialize; end We’re setting things up to use the ‹Git› class as a dispatch in the ‹Git::CLI› class. The description on the ‹initialize› method will be used as a description of the ‹git› dispatch command itself. Next, let’s add the ‹format-patch›¹ sub-command: description 'Prepare patches for e-mail submission' flag ?n, 'numbered', false, 'Name output in [PATCH n/m] format' flag ?N, 'no-numbered', nil, 'Name output in [PATCH] format' do |options| options['numbered'] = false end toggle ?s, 'signoff', false, 'Add Signed-off-by: line to the commit message' switch '', 'thread', 'STYLE', nil, Ame::Types::Enumeration[:shallow, :deep], 'Controls addition of In-Reply-To and References headers' flag '', 'no-thread', nil, 'Disables addition of In-Reply-To and Reference headers' do |options, _| options.delete 'thread' end option '', 'start-number', 'N', 1, 'Start numbering the patches at N instead of 1' multioption '', 'to', 'ADDRESS', String, 'Add a To: header to the email headers' optional 'SINCE', 'N/A', 'Generate patches for commits after SINCE' def format_patch(since = '', options = {}) p since, options end ¹ See http://git-scm.com/docs/git-format-patch/ We’re using quite a few new Ame commands here. Let’s look at each in turn: toggle ?s, 'signoff', false, 'Add Signed-off-by: line to the commit message' A “toggle”¹ is a flag that also has an inverse. Beyond the flags ‘s’ and “signoff”, the toggle also defines “no-signoff”, which will set “signoff” to false. This is useful if you want to support configuration files that set “signoff”’s default to true, but still allow it to be overridden on the command line. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#toggle-class-method When using the short form of a toggle (and flag and switch), multiple ones may be juxtaposed after the initial one. For example, “‹-sn›” is equivalent to “‹-s -n›” to “git format-patch›”. switch '', 'thread', 'STYLE', nil, Ame::Types::Enumeration[:shallow, :deep], 'Controls addition of In-Reply-To and References headers' A “switch”¹ is an option that takes an optional argument. This allows you to have separate defaults for when the switch isn’t present on the command line and for when it’s given without an argument. The third argument to a switch is the name of the argument. We’re also introducing a new concept here in ‹Ame::Types::Enumeration›. An enumeration² allows you to limit the allowed input to a set of Symbols. An enumeration also has a default value in the first item to its constructor (which is aliased as ‹.[]›). In this case, the “thread” switch defaults to nil, but, when given, will default to ‹:shallow› if no argument is given. If an argument is given it must be either “shallow” or “deep”. A switch isn’t required to take an enumeration as its argument default and can take any kind of default value for its argument that Ame knows how to handle. We’ll look at this in more detail later, but know that the type of the default value will be used to inform Ame how to parse a command-line argument into a Ruby value. An argument to a switch must be given, in this case, as “‹--thread=deep›” on the command line. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#switch-class-method ² See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Types/Enumeration/ option '', 'start-number', 'N', 1, 'Start numbering the patches at N instead of 1' An “option”¹ is an option that takes an argument. The argument must always be present and may be given, in this case, as “‹--start-number=2›” or “‹--start-number 2›” on the command line. For a short-form option, anything that follows the option is seen as an argument, so assuming that “start-number” also had a short name of ‘S’, “‹-S2›” would be equivalent to “‹-S 2›”, which would be equivalent to “‹--start-number 2›”. Note that “‹-snS2›” would still work as expected. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#option-class-method multioption '', 'to', 'ADDRESS', String, 'Add a To: header to the email headers' A “multioption”¹ is an option that takes an argument and may be repeated any number of times. Each argument will be added to an Array stored in the Hash that maps option names to their values. Instead of taking a default argument, it takes a type for the argument (String, in this case). Again, types are used to inform Ame how to parse command-line arguments into Ruby values. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#multioption-class-method optional 'SINCE', 'N/A', 'Generate patches for commits after SINCE' An “optional”¹ argument is an argument that isn’t required. If it’s not present on the command line it’ll get its default value (the String ‹'N/A'›, in this case). ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#optional-class-method We’ve now covered all kinds of options and one new kind of argument. There are three more types of argument (one that we’ve already seen and two new) that we’ll look into now: “argument”, “splat”, and “splus”. description 'Annotate file lines with commit information' argument 'FILE', String, 'File to annotate' def annotate(file) p file end An “argument”¹ is an argument that’s required. If it’s not present on the command line, an error will be raised (and by default reported to the terminal). As it’s required, it doesn’t take a default, but rather a type. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#argument-class-method description 'Add file contents to the index' splat 'PATHSPEC', String, 'Files to add content from' def add(paths) p paths end A “splat”¹ is an argument that’s not required, but may be given any number of times. The type of a splat is the type of one argument and the type of a splat as a whole is an Array of values of that type. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#splat-class-method description 'Display gitattributes information' splus 'PATHNAME', String, 'Files to list attributes of' def check_attr(paths) p paths end A “splus”¹ is an argument that’s required, but may also be given any number of times. The type of a splus is the type of one argument and the type of a splus as a whole is an Array of values of that type. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#splus-class-method Now that we’ve seen all kinds of options and arguments, let’s look on an additional tool at our disposal, the dispatch¹. class Remote < Ame::Class description 'Manage set of remote repositories' def initialize; end description 'Shows a list of existing remotes' flag 'v', 'verbose', false, 'Show remote URL after name' def list(options = {}) p options end description 'Adds a remote named NAME for the repository at URL' argument 'name', String, 'Name of the remote to add' argument 'url', String, 'URL to the repository of the remote to add' def add(name, url) p name, url end end ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/Class#dispatch-class-method Here we’re defining a child class to Git::CLI::Git called “Remote” that doesn’t introduce anything new. Then we set up the dispatch: dispatch Remote, :default => 'list' This adds a method called “remote” to Git::CLI::Git that will dispatch processing of the command line to an instance of the Remote class when “‹git remote›” is seen on the command line. The “remote” method expects an argument that’ll be used to decide what sub-command to execute. Here we’ve specified that in the absence of such an argument, the “list” method should be invoked. We add the same kind of dispatch to Git under Git::CLI: dispatch Git and then we’re done. Here’s all the previous code in its entirety: module Git end class Git::CLI < Ame::Root version '1.0.0' class Git < Ame::Class description 'The stupid content tracker' def initialize; end description 'Prepare patches for e-mail submission' flag ?n, 'numbered', false, 'Name output in [PATCH n/m] format' flag ?N, 'no-numbered', nil, 'Name output in [PATCH] format' do |options| options['numbered'] = false end toggle ?s, 'signoff', false, 'Add Signed-off-by: line to the commit message' switch '', 'thread', 'STYLE', nil, Ame::Types::Enumeration[:shallow, :deep], 'Controls addition of In-Reply-To and References headers' flag '', 'no-thread', nil, 'Disables addition of In-Reply-To and Reference headers' do |options, _| options.delete 'thread' end option '', 'start-number', 'N', 1, 'Start numbering the patches at N instead of 1' multioption '', 'to', 'ADDRESS', String, 'Add a To: header to the email headers' optional 'SINCE', 'N/A', 'Generate patches for commits after SINCE' def format_patch(since = '', options = {}) p since, options end description 'Annotate file lines with commit information' argument 'FILE', String, 'File to annotate' def annotate(file) p file end description 'Add file contents to the index' splat 'PATHSPEC', String, 'Files to add content from' def add(paths) p paths end description 'Display gitattributes information' splus 'PATHNAME', String, 'Files to list attributes of' def check_attr(paths) p paths end class Remote < Ame::Class description 'Manage set of remote repositories' def initialize; end description 'Shows a list of existing remotes' flag 'v', 'verbose', false, 'Show remote URL after name' def list(options = {}) p options end description 'Adds a remote named NAME for the repository at URL' argument 'name', String, 'Name of the remote to add' argument 'url', String, 'URL to the repository of the remote to add' def add(name, url) p name, url end end dispatch Remote, :default => 'list' end dispatch Git end If we put this code in a file called “git” and add ‹#! /usr/bin/ruby -w› at the beginning and ‹Git::CLI.process› at the end, you’ll have a very incomplete git command-line interface on your hands. Let’s look at what some of its ‹--help› output looks like: % git --help Usage: git [OPTIONS]... METHOD [ARGUMENTS]... The stupid content tracker Arguments: METHOD Method to run [ARGUMENTS]... Arguments to pass to METHOD Options: --help Display help for this method --version Display version information Methods: add Add file contents to the index annotate Annotate file lines with commit information check-attr Display gitattributes information format-patch Prepare patches for e-mail submission remote Manage set of remote repositories % git format-patch --help Usage: git format-patch [OPTIONS]... [SINCE] Prepare patches for e-mail submission Arguments: [SINCE=N/A] Generate patches for commits after SINCE Options: -N, --no-numbered Name output in [PATCH] format --help Display help for this method -n, --numbered Name output in [PATCH n/m] format --no-thread Disables addition of In-Reply-To and Reference headers -s, --signoff Add Signed-off-by: line to the commit message --start-number=N Start numbering the patches at N instead of 1 --thread[=STYLE] Controls addition of In-Reply-To and References headers --to=ADDRESS* Add a To: header to the email headers % git remote --help Usage: git remote [OPTIONS]... [METHOD] [ARGUMENTS]... Manage set of remote repositories Arguments: [METHOD=list] Method to run [ARGUMENTS]... Arguments to pass to METHOD Options: --help Display help for this method Methods: add Adds a remote named NAME for the repository at URL list Shows a list of existing remotes § API The previous section gave an introduction to the whole user API in an informal and introductory way. For an indepth reference to the user API, see the {user API documentation}¹. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/user/Ame/ If you want to extend the API or use it in some way other than as a command-line-interface writer, see the {developer API documentation}¹. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/ame-1.0/api/developer/Ame/ § Financing Currently, most of my time is spent at my day job and in my rather busy private life. Please motivate me to spend time on this piece of software by donating some of your money to this project. Yeah, I realize that requesting money to develop software is a bit, well, capitalistic of me. But please realize that I live in a capitalistic society and I need money to have other people give me the things that I need to continue living under the rules of said society. So, if you feel that this piece of software has helped you out enough to warrant a reward, please PayPal a donation to now@disu.se¹. Thanks! Your support won’t go unnoticed! ¹ Send a donation: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_donations&business=now@disu.se&item_name=Ame § Reporting Bugs Please report any bugs that you encounter to the {issue tracker}¹. ¹ See https://github.com/now/ame/issues § Authors Nikolai Weibull wrote the code, the tests, the documentation, and this README. § Licensing Ame is free software: you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the {GNU Lesser General Public License, version 3}¹ or later², as published by the {Free Software Foundation}³. ¹ See http://disu.se/licenses/lgpl-3.0/ ² See http://gnu.org/licenses/ ³ See http://fsf.org/
Lookout-Rack Lookout-Rack provides easy interaction with Rack¹ from Lookout². It provides you with a session connected to your Rack application through which you can make requests, check responses, follow redirects and set, inspect, and clear cookies. ¹ See http://rack.rubyforge.org/ ² See http://disu.se/software/lookout/ § Installation Install Lookout-Rack with % gem install lookout-rack § Usage Include the following code in your ‹Rakefile› (provided that you’re using Lookout-Rake¹): require 'lookout-rack-3.0' Lookout::Rake::Tasks::Test.new do |t| t.requires << 'lookout-rack-3.0' end ¹ See http://disu.se/software/lookout-rake/ Then set up a ‹fixtures/config.ru› file that Lookout-Rack will use for loading your Rack app. load 'path/to/app.rb' use Rack::Lint run Path::To::App This file, if it exists, will be loaded during the first call to #session. If it doesn’t exist, ‹config.ru› will be used instead. You can now test your app: Expectations do expect 200 do session.get('/').response.status end end The #session method returns an object that lets you #get, #post, #put, and #delete resources from the Rack app. You call these method with a URI¹ that you want to access/modify together with any parameters that you want to pass and any Rack environment that you want to use (which isn’t very common). For example, let’s get ‹/pizzas/› with olives on them: expect 200 do session.get('/pizzas/', 'olives' => '1').response.status end ¹ Abbreviation for Uniform Resource Identifier The #response method on #session returns a mock Rack response object that can be queried for results. Similarly, there’s a #request method that lets you inspect the request that was made. Lookout-Rack also deals with cookies. Assuming that ‹/cookies/set/› will set any cookies that we pass it and that ‹/cookies/show/› will simply do nothing relevant, the following expectation will pass: expect 'value' => '1' do session. get('/cookies/set/', 'value' => '1'). get('/cookies/show/').request.cookies end Sometimes you may want to set cookies yourself before making a request. You then use the #cookie method, which takes a String of ‹KEY=VALUE› pairs separated by newlines, commas, and/or semicolons and sets those cookies in the session: expect 'value' => '1', 'other' => '2' do session. cookie("value=1\n\nother=2"). get('/cookies/show/').request.cookies end You may also want to clear all cookies in your session using #clear: expect({}) do session. get('/cookies/set', 'value' => '1'). clear. get('/cookies/show').request.cookies end Finally, to test redirects, call the #redirect! method on the session object, assuming that ‹/redirected/› redirects to another location: expect result.redirect? do session.get('/redirected/').response end expect result.not.redirect? do session.get('/redirected/').redirect!.response end That’s basically all there’s to it. You can check the {API documentation}¹ for more information. ¹ See http://disu.se/software/lookout-rack/api/Lookout/Rack/ § Financing Currently, most of my time is spent at my day job and in my rather busy private life. Please motivate me to spend time on this piece of software by donating some of your money to this project. Yeah, I realize that requesting money to develop software is a bit, well, capitalistic of me. But please realize that I live in a capitalistic society and I need money to have other people give me the things that I need to continue living under the rules of said society. So, if you feel that this piece of software has helped you out enough to warrant a reward, please PayPal a donation to now@disu.se¹. Thanks! Your support won’t go unnoticed! ¹ Send a donation: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_donations&business=now@disu.se&item_name=Lookout-Rack § Reporting Bugs Please report any bugs that you encounter to the {issue tracker}¹. ¹ See https://github.com/now/lookout-rack/issues § Authors Nikolai Weibull wrote the code, the tests, the documentation, and this README. § Licensing Lookout-Rack is free software: you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the {GNU Lesser General Public License, version 3}¹ or later², as published by the {Free Software Foundation}³. ¹ See http://disu.se/licenses/lgpl-3.0/ ² See http://gnu.org/licenses/ ³ See http://fsf.org/
http://www.engineyard.com/blog/2010/extending-rails-3-with-railties/ http://www.igvita.com/2010/08/04/rails-3-internals-railtie-creating-plugins/ h1. Morning Glory Morning Glory is comprised of a rake task and helper methods that manages the deployment of static assets into an Amazon CloudFront CDN's S3 Bucket, improving the performance of static assets on your Rails web applications. _NOTE: You will require an Amazon Web Services (AWS) account in order to use this gem. Specially: S3 for storing the files you wish to distribute, and CloudFront for CDN distribution of those files._ This version of Morning Glory works with Rails 3.x and Ruby 1.9.x h2. What does it do? Morning Glory provides an easy way to deploy Ruby on Rails application assets to the Amazon CloudFront CDN. It solves a number of common issues with S3/CloudFront. For instance, CloudFront won't automatically expire old assets stored on edge nodes when you redeploy new assets (the Cloudfront expiry time is 24 hours minimum). To fix this Morning Glory will automatically namespace asset releases for you, then update all references to those renamed assets within your stylesheets ensuring there are no broken asset links. It also provides a helper method to rewrite all standard Rails asset helper generated URLs to your CloudFront CDN distributions, as well as handling switching between HTTP and HTTPS. Morning Glory was also built with SASS (Syntactically Awesome Stylesheets) in mind. If you use Sass for your stylesheets they will automatically be built before deployment to the CDN. See http://sass-lang.com/ for more information on Sass.s h2. What it doesn't do Morning Glory cannot configure your CloudFront distributions for you automatically. You will manually have to login to your AWS Management Console account, "https://console.aws.amazon.com/cloudfront/home":https://console.aws.amazon.com/cloudfront/home, and set up a distribution pointing to an S3 Bucket. h2. Installation <pre> gem 'morning_glory' </pre> h2. Usage Morning Glory provides it's functionality via rake tasks. You'll need to specify the target rails environment configuration you want to deploy for by using the @RAILS_ENV={env}@ parameter (for example, @RAILS_ENV=production@). <pre> rake morning_glory:cloudfront:deploy RAILS_ENV={YOUR_TARGET_ENVIRONMENT} </pre> h2. Configuration h3. The Morning Glory configuration file, @config/morning_glory.yml@ You can specify a configuration section for every rails environment (production, staging, testing, development). This section can have the following properties defined: <pre> --- production: enabled: true # Is MorningGlory enabled for this environment? bucket: cdn.production.foo.com # The bucket to deploy your assets into s3_logging_enabled: true # Log the deployment to S3 revision: "20100317134627" # The revision prefix. This timestamp automatically generateed on deployment delete_prev_rev: true # Delete the previous asset release (save on S3 storage space) </pre> h3. The Amazon S3 authentication keys configuration file, @config/s3.yml@ This file provides the access credentials for your Amazon AWS S3 account. You can configure keys for all your environments (production, staging, testing, development). <pre> --- production: access_key_id: YOUR_ACCESS_KEY secret_access_key: YOUR_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY </pre> Note: If you are deploying your system to Heroku, you can configure your Amazon AWS S3 information with the environment variables S3_KEY and S3_SECRET instead of using a configuration file. h3. Set up an asset_host For each environment that you'd like to utilise the CloudFront CDN for you'll need to define the asset_host within the @config/environments/{ENVIRONMENT}.rb@ configuration file. As of June 2010 AWS supports HTTPS requests on the CloudFront CDN, so you no longer have to worry about switching servers. (Yay!) h4. Example config/environments/production.rb @asset_host@ snippet: Here we're targeting a CNAME domain with HTTP support. <pre> ActionController::Base.asset_host = Proc.new { |source, request| if request.ssl? "#{request.protocol}#{request.host_with_port}" else "#{request.protocol}assets.example.com" end } </pre> h3. Why do we have to use a revision-number/namespace/timestamp? Once an asset has been deployed to the Amazon Cloudfront edge servers it cannot be modified - the version exists until it expires (minimum of 24 hours). To get around this we need to prefix the asset path with a revision of some sort - in MorningGlory's case we use a timestamp. That way you can deploy many times during a 24 hour period and always have your latest revision available on your web site. h2. Dependencies h3. AWS S3 Required for uploading the assets to the Amazon Web Services S3 buckets. See "http://amazon.rubyforge.org/":http://amazon.rubyforge.org/ for more documentation on installation. h2. About the name Perhaps not what you'd expect; a "Morning Glory":http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_Glory_cloud is a rare cloud formation observed by glider pilots in Australia (see my side project, "YourFlightLog.com for flight-logging software for paraglider and hang-glider pilots":http://www.yourflightlog.com, from which the Morning Glory plugin was originally extracted). Copyright (c) 2010 "@AdamBurmister":http://twitter.com/adamburmister/, released under the MIT license
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